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It’s a typical weekday at the office when you receive an email from the hiring manager at your dream company: they’re offering you the position you’ve always wanted. Congratulations! Now, there’s just one thing left to do: resign from your current job in Japan.

The good news is that Japan’s traditional postwar expectation of lifetime loyalty to one company is fading. While etiquette still matters, today’s workforce is more mobile, and changing jobs is far more common than it used to be.

Don’t get too excited yet. Whether you’re from an international startup or a traditional Japanese company, there are certain employment Japanese protocols (and guidelines) to follow when you plan to quit your job in Japan. After all, you want to resign properly and leave on good terms to keep your future career prospects intact.

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What you need to know before quitting your job in Japan

Though many Japanese workers no longer follow the “lifetime employment” system, some traditional Japanese companies might react to your resignation notice the wrong way.

In some cases, employers may take your resignation personally, discourage you from leaving, or even pressure you to stay. Because of this, a unique solution has emerged in recent years: taishoku daiko (退職代行), or “retirement/resignation agencies.” These services act on your behalf to handle the resignation process, notifying your company, returning equipment, and ensuring you’re protected under labor law.

While controversial to some, they’re becoming increasingly popular, particularly among younger workers who want to avoid confrontation.

While it’s very rare for a company to outright “reject” your resignation, this kind of situation typically only occurs at what’s known in Japan as a “black company,” or workplaces with exploitative or toxic practices. That said, it’s always wise to check your company’s internal resignation policies and guidelines before taking any bold steps.

What happens to your visa when you quit your job

If you’re working in Japan on a work visa, such as the Engineer/Specialist in Humanities visa, your visa status is not automatically tied to a specific employer in the same way a student visa is. This means your visa does not immediately become invalid when you change or quit a job. However, there are important rules to follow:

You must notify the Immigration Bureau within 14 days of changing your employer or job status.
Your new job must be compatible with the activities allowed under your visa type. For example, if you originally came as an English teacher under an Instructor visa, but you want to switch to a sales position, you would need to apply for a change of status of residence (e.g., to Specialist in Humanities/International Services).
Your visa remains valid as long as you maintain employment in the same field and your visa status is properly updated.

For example, if you initially came to Japan on an Instructor visa as an English teacher and then switch to a sales position, you may need to apply for a change of status of residence (for example, to a Specialist in Humanities/International Services visa) to reflect your new job responsibilities.

It’s also essential to confirm that your new company can sponsor or renew your visa when it expires to avoid any legal complications or risks of deportation.

If you’re unsure about your specific situation, consulting directly with the Immigration Office or an immigration specialist is always the best course of action.

When is the earliest you can submit your resignation to a company in Japan?

Considering the actual handover process (finding new candidates and delegating your current tasks), it is recommended to announce your retirement one month in advance.

This is not the legal requirement, though. The general rule is to hand in your resignation letter two weeks before your desired last day. This is according to the Japanese labor law, but policies vary from one company to another.

It can also boil down to your employment type. If you are a regular employee, a two-week notice is fine, but some companies may enforce a 3-month notice for fixed-term employees.

Documents to submit for quitting a job in Japan

For legal protection, it’s best to always submit your resignation in writing. There are three main documents you can use to formally quit your job in Japan: a resignation letter (退職願, taishoku negai), a resignation notice (退職届, taishoku todoke), and a retirement notice (辞表, jihyou).

What’s the difference between a taishoku todoke and taishoku negai?

To put it simply, a letter of resignation (退職願 or taishoku nega) is a document requesting your retirement. This may be rejected by your company. A retirement notice (退職届 or taishoku todoke), on the other hand, notifies the company of your decision regardless of whether or not they refuse it.

Yes, they are two different things. To understand what separates a letter of resignation and a resignation notice in Japanese culture, take a look at their kanji.

Letter of resignation: 退職願 (taishoku nega)
Retirement notice: 退職届 (taishoku todoke)

Both Japanese words are similar, with the only difference being the end kanji character. The kanji 願 (nega) means ‘wish’, while the kanji 届 (todo/todoke) means ‘notification’ or ‘registration’.

It is rare for a company to withdraw an employee’s letter of resignation. In general, it doesn’t matter which one you submit as both are based on the same intention.

If you are in doubt, you can ask directly to your employers directly about it. Some companies in Japan may have a specific resignation letter format and process for submitting the formal notice.

What is a 辞表 (jihyo)?

A 辞表 (jihyou) is a formal “retirement notice” or “letter of resignation” typically used by executives, company directors, or high-ranking employees in Japan when they resign from their position.

For most regular employees, 辞表 (jihyou) is not commonly used; instead, they submit a 退職願 (taishoku negai) or 退職届 (taishoku todoke).

Things to prepare before you quit your job in Japan

1. Give proper notice to your employer or manager (1-3 months before)

For a Japanese company, a face-to-face meeting with your immediate supervisor one to three months in advance is the ideal benchmark. If you’re working in a niche industry, the company may not be able to arrange for a successor and have enough time to take over your duties. One month gives your managers — and yourself — plenty of time to manage a smooth job transition.

At this stage, a physical or written resignation notice isn’t always legally required, but it’s common courtesy to submit one so your employer can prepare for your departure. That said, the earlier you hand in your resignation letter, the better it is for everyone involved.

If you work with a Japanese team, be sure to use Japanese keigo when you talk to your managers. You want to keep things professional and polite.

2. Follow up with an official letter of resignation (2 weeks to 1 month before)

From here, follow up with an official letter of resignation. If you’re working at an international company or reporting to a foreign supervisor, you can proceed to submit the letter in English (although, again, always check with your boss!).

Similar to English resignation letters, there are no rules on how to write a Japanese retirement notice as long as the declaration of intention to retire is made.

However, it can still be daunting to write your letter in Japanese. MyNavi provides several great templates.

You can either write them horizontally or vertically.

退職届け (taishoku todoke)
Resignation Letter

令和〇年〇月〇日 (reiwa (year) nen (month) gatsu (day) nichi)
The actual submission date

株式会社 (kabushiki gaisha)
Company name

代表取締役 (daihyou torishimariyaku)
Name of your superior or representative

〇部〇課 (section) bu (role) ka)
Section and role followed by your name. It is considered desirable to sign your name by hand and have the letter sealed with a Japanese personal stamp (印鑑 or inkan).

私事 (watakushi goto)
Private affairs. 私事 (watakushi goto) can also be replaced by 私儀 (watakushigi) as it has the same meaning. You may also write 一身上の都合により (isshinjō no tsugo ni yori), which means “for personal reasons”.

この度一身上の都合により、令和〇年〇月〇日をもって退職致したく、お願い申し上げます
Kono tabi ishhinjou no tsugou, reiwa (year) nen (month) gatsu (day) nichi wo motte taishoku itashitaku, onegai moushi agemasu).
I announce that I have decided to leave my current position on (year) (month) (date).

When you are forced to resign, you may want to change the sentence a bit. Under that circumstance, never write 私事 (watakushi goto) or 一身上の都合により, as the company and Japanese government may view your retirement as your own decision. This can be the difference between on-time and delayed unemployment benefits.

Instead, if there is ever the unfortunate case where you are forced to quit, write these reasons:

退職勧奨に伴い (Taishoku kansho ni tomonai)
Due to retirement recommendation

部門縮小のため (Bumon shukusho no tamo)
Due to department reduction

3. Prepare your resignation by making handover materials (3 days to 1 week before)

For projects that are likely to be carried over to a new employee, you will need to organize your workflow, history, and future month plans. Chances are, your duties will be handed over to someone who’s never worked on the same project before, so make some time to teach them. Better yet, make a detailed handover document to avoid any misinformation.

You have to think about the rest of your team. Always prioritize urgent tasks and projects. From here, you can figure out how your team can adapt to your transition. Arrange personal meetings if you need to go over the details with certain team members.

You may need to write business emails to business clients and partners to make sure all communications aren’t cut off.

4. Do a proper goodbye to your coworkers (your last day)

You want to end things on a light note as much as possible. It’s customary in most Japanese companies to prepare small gifts or sweets on your last day.

Pro tip: Opt for individually wrapped sweets or sweets with a long expiration date. It’s a waste of packaging, but it is a part of Japan’s gift-giving culture.

You can make a small speech to announce your retirement to your seniors (senpai) and juniors (kohai) at the office. Make sure to address them with proper Japanese honorifics!

5. (Optional) Notify your clients, vendors, and partners

This step is optional, but if your role involves regular communication with external vendors, partners, or clients, it’s a good idea to introduce your replacement to them before you leave. Ideally, your replacement will take over this responsibility, but making the introduction yourself can help ensure a smooth transition and leave a positive impression.

You can usually do this one or two weeks before your last day, either by email or during your final meeting with your manager.

Check out an example of an email you can draft for those outside the company.

Japanese email:

株式会社(Client Company Name)
(Client Name)様
いつも大変お世話になっております。
(Company Name)の(Your Name)です。
私事で恐縮ですが、このたび一身上の都合により、〇月〇日をもって(Company Name)を退職することになりました。
在職中は大変お世話になり、心より感謝申し上げます。
退職後の業務につきましては、後任の(New Person in Charge)が引き継がせていただきます。
(New PIC)はこれまでにも多くの案件を担当しており、安心してお任せいただけるかと思います。
今後とも、変わらぬご愛顧を賜りますようお願い申し上げます。
略儀ながら、メールにてご挨拶申し上げます。
(Your Name)

Romaji:

Kabushikigaisha (Client Company Name)
(Client Name)-sama
Itsumo taihen osewa ni natte orimasu.
(Your Company Name) no (Your Name) desu.
Watakushigoto de kyoushuku desu ga, kono tabi isshin-jou no tsugou ni yori, ○gatsu○ka o motte (Your Company Name) o taishoku suru koto to narimashita.
Zaishoku-chuu wa kakubetsu no gokouhai o tamawari, makoto ni arigatou gozaimashita.
Taishoku-go no gyoumu ni tsukimashite wa, kounin no (New Person in Charge) ga hikitsugimasu.
(New PIC) wa, kore made ni mo ooku no anken o tantou shite ori, anshin shite omakase itadakeru to zonjimasu.
Kongo tomo, kawaranu goaiko o tamawarimasu you, onegai moushiagemasu.
Ryaku gi nagara, meeru ni te goaisatsu mōshiagemasu.
(Your Name)

English translation:

To: (Client Name) at (Client Company Name)
Thank you very much for your continued support.
This is (Your Name) from (Your Company Name).
I would like to inform you that, due to personal reasons, I will be resigning from (Your Company Name) as of (Month Day).
I deeply appreciate your support and kindness during my time here.
Following my resignation, (New Person in Charge) will be taking over my responsibilities.
They have handled many projects in the past, so I believe you will be in very capable hands.
We would appreciate your continued support moving forward.
Please allow me to extend my farewell through this brief email
(Your Name)

Useful Japanese phrases to use when you resign

How to say “I Quit” in Japanese

突然で申し訳ないのですが、一身上の都合で退職させていただきたく、お時間をいただきました。
Totsuzende moshiwakenai nodesuga, isshinjo no tsugo de taishoku sa sete itadakitaku, o jikan o itadakimashita.
I’m sorry for the suddenness, but I wanted to retire due to personal reasons, so I’ve taken your time.
When to use: You’re meeting your boss to talk about your retirement plan

できれば◯月末までに退職させていただきたいと考えているのですが、具体的な日程はご相談させてください。
Dekireba ◯ getsumatsu made ni taishoku sa sete itadakitai to kangaete iru nodesuga, gutaitekina nittei wa go sodan sa sete kudasai.
If possible, I would like to retire by the end of (month), but please let me know about a specific schedule.

よく考えましたが、意志は変わりません。
Yoku kangaemashitaga ishi wa kawarimasen.
I’ve thought a great deal about it, but I won’t be changing my decision.

What to say to your coworkers

お忙しい中、私のためにお集まりいただき、ありがとうございます。
Oisogashii-chu, watashi no tame ni o atsumari itadaki, arigato gozaimasu.
Thank you for gathering for me while you are busy
When to use: You’re giving a goodbye speech to your coworkers

皆さまには大変お世話になりました。
Mina sama ni wa taihen osewa ni narimashita.
Thank you very much for your kindness.

本日を以て退職となります。これまでありがとうございました。最後まで気を抜かずにがんばりますので、よろしくお願いします。
Honjitsu o motte taishoku to narimasu. Kore made arigato gozaimashita. Saigo made ki o nukazu ni ganbarimasunode, yoroshikuonegaishimasu.
I will be retired from today. Thanks for everything so far. I will do my best until the end, so thank you.
When to use: You’re announcing your retirement on your last day.

What to cay to clients or business partners in Japan

私事で大変恐縮ですが、一身上の都合により◯月◯日を以て退社することになりました。
Watakushigoto de taihen kyoshukudesuga, isshinjō no tsugo ni yori ◯ tsuki ◯ hi o motte taisha suru koto ni narimashita
I am sorry for (bringing up) my personal affairs, but due to personal reasons, I will leave my company on ◯ Month ◯ Day.

今後の貴社の後任担当を、同僚の◯が担当させていただきます。
Kongo no kisha no konin tanto o, doryo no ◯ ga tanto sa sete itadakimasu.
My colleague ◯ will be in charge of your company’s successor in the future.

Things to submit before you quit your job in Japan

Your last day at your Japanese company should be focused on clerical procedures and goodbyes. You will have to return all the items rented or leased by your company. In particular, be sure to hand over documents and devices that contain confidential information. Typical things to return in a Japanese company include:

Health insurance card or 健康保険被保険者証 (kenkohokenhihokenshasho). You can use your health insurance until your retirement date. You can also return it by mail.
Company-supplied equipment or 会社支給の備品 (kaisha shikyuu no bihin)
Employee ID or 社員証 (shain-sho)
Company emblem 社章 (shasho)
Business card or 名刺 (meishi)
Work clothes or 作業着 (sagyo-gi)
Business materials or 業務資料 (gyomu shiryo) and manuals
Rented phones, laptops, computer, or car keys

Things to receive when you quit your job in Japan

Just as you are required to return certain documents and items, your company is also responsible for providing you with several important documents during the offboarding process.

Employment insurance card or 雇用保険被保険者証 (koyohokenhihokenshasho)

Companies in Japan will often keep your employment insurance card, so make sure you don’t forget to receive it back.

Pension book or 年金手帳 (nenkin techo)

This is a document certifying that you are registered for the Japanese welfare pension system. In general, pension handbooks are kept by the person themself, but a company may also store them to prevent loss.

Withholding slip or 源泉徴収票 (genzenchoushu-hyo)

The withholding slip is a document that describes the amount of salary paid and the amount of tax paid for one year. It is often issued within one month of retirement.

Turnover slip or 離職票 (rishoku-hyou)

This is a document to be submitted to Hello Work when applying for unemployment benefits. If you want to receive an unemployment allowance after retirement, ask the company to issue a turnover slip before you retire. If you have decided where to change jobs, you do not need to have it issued.

Certificate of retirement or 退職証明書 (taishoku shomeisho)

Your new employer may want to prove that you have officially retired. A certificate of retirement can be received immediately from your company.

How to use your leftover paid time off in Japan

Under basic Japanese labor laws, companies are required to provide employees with at least 10 days of paid leave after they have worked for six consecutive months. If you’ve been with your company this long and have unused paid vacation days, it’s important to consider how to use them before your resignation.

One common approach is to schedule your paid leave before your official last working day. For example, if you give 30 days’ notice, and you have 10 days of paid leave left, you can use those 10 days toward the end of your notice period—effectively working for only 20 days.

Keep in mind that some companies allow you to “cash out” unused vacation days, though this is not common. Always check with your HR department or employee handbook for your company’s specific policy.

Other Japanese words related to quitting a job

English	Japanese	Romaji
Retirement	退職	Taishoku
Retirement greeting	退職のご挨拶	Taishoku no goaisatsu
Retirement reason	退職理由	Taishoku riyu
At time of retirement	退職時	Taishoku-ji
Identification card	身分証明書	Mibun shomeisho
Health insurance card	健康保険証	Kenko hokensho
Commuter pass	通勤定期券	Tsukin teikiken
Uniform	制服	Seifuku
Seal	印鑑	Inkan
Quit your job	仕事を辞める	Shigoto wo yameru

Some tips to keep in mind before you quit your job in Japan

1. Keep things positive

Your immediate manager should be the first to hear about your intention to retire before anyone else in the workplace. They will most probably ask about the reason behind your decision.

This stage is important: always mention your future goals instead of expressing dissatisfaction in your workplace. Reasons for retirement aren’t always positive, but that doesn’t mean you have to make your exit messy. Do you want to make it about the company and less about your career plan and outlook? Attacking the company can trigger unwanted attention and scrutiny.

2. Reaffirm your intention of quitting your job

Clear and positive communication is key. If you’re a treasured employee and your boss isn’t ready to let you go, they might try to negotiate something. Always be prepared for a possible counter-offer. It can be a promotion, a salary increase or a bonus. If you’ve made up your mind, be firm about it and state that you’re not open to considering either option.

3. Remember that you are still working there

No matter what, you are still part of your company for at least another month. Don’t make any grudges, especially when they can affect your job change. What you want to do instead is to show sincerity to your company by giving top priority to work as usual while slowly preparing the handover materials.

Avoid revealing too much about your plans. Don’t boast to your coworkers. One way or another, they’ll find out where you’re going next, but for now, you can avoid any awkwardness by not mentioning the name of your next company.

Social insurance and tax after you resign from your job

When you retire, there are many external procedures related to your taxes. It may seem particularly difficult for the first time, but it’s all about getting the right tax support and filing your tax return accordingly.

If you retire in July, for example, you can submit a withholding slip to your new office, and they will make year-end adjustments instead. However, if you join a new company after the end of November, the procedure may not be completed by the end of the year, and you may not be able to make the year-end adjustment. In that case, you will need to file your tax return yourself.

What to do when you become lawfully unemployed in Japan

Sometimes, resigning from your job isn’t always part of the plan. There may be a time when you’re forced to quit your job. If you don’t have another company to join immediately, you will become officially unemployed in Japan.

A good thing is that, unless revoked, your working status is valid until the expiry date and you can stay in Japan until that time. However, you must notify the immigration office within 14 days after you leave your job. After 90 days, they may ask why you are not engaging in your activities.

Be careful not to mislead the Japanese immigration office about the primary reason you aren’t working. Looking for work, health leave, or going out on a re-entry permit are valid reasons, but lying can lead to revocation of your visa.

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FAQ

What is the legal notice period to quit a job in Japan?

Under Japanese labor law, if you’re on an indefinite-term contract, you are legally required to give at least 2 weeks’ notice before quitting. However, many companies require 1 month in your employment contract, so check your terms.

What if my company refuses to let me quit?

Your employer cannot legally prevent you from resigning. If issues arise, you can contact Hello Work, a local labor office, or consult a labor union or legal expert.

Can I quit a job in Japan immediately?

Only in cases of harassment, mental health issues, or legal violations can you quit without notice. In these cases, consult a labor lawyer or support center.

Can I use paid leave before quitting?

Yes. You are legally entitled to use your accrued paid leave (有給, yuukyuu) before your last day, unless otherwise stated in your contract.

What is the difference between 退職届 (taishoku todoke) and 退職願 (taishoku negai)

退職願 (taishoku negai) is a polite request to resign, while 退職届 (taishoku todoke) is a formal and final notice of resignation submitted after approval.

In the competitive world of Japanese job interviews, making a strong first impression is crucial. Your self-introduction, or 自己紹介 (jikoshoukai), sets the tone for the entire interview and gives the interviewer a glimpse into your personality, skills, and motivations. Understanding the nuances of Japanese etiquette and tailoring your introduction accordingly can significantly enhance your chances of success.

How do you introduce yourself during a Japanese job interview? Read more to find out!

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Structure and Delivery of Your Self-Introduction

A well-structured self-introduction in Japanese typically follows a three-part format:

Greeting and Name: Begin with a polite greeting, such as good morning, or おはようございます (ohayou gozaimasu), or hello, こんにちは (konnichiwa). Clearly state your name and surname.

Background and Educational Qualifications: Briefly introduce your educational background, including the universities or institutes you attended and your degrees or qualifications.

Work Experience and Skills: Highlight your relevant work experience, emphasizing accomplishments and skills that align with the job requirements. Use specific examples to demonstrate your capabilities.

Closing Phrase: End with a respectful phrase to express your gratitude and enthusiasm.

How to Start Your Self-introduction in Japanese Job Interviews

Always begin with a polite greeting to set a respectful tone. This shows appreciation and humility, two important aspects of Japanese business etiquette.

For example, before you actually talk about yourself, you can say:

本日はお時間をいただき、ありがとうございます。
Honjitsu wa ojikan o itadaki, arigatou gozaimasu.
Thank you for taking the time to meet with me today.

Check out our video on how to do basic self-introduction in Japanese!

How long should a self-introduction be in a Japanese interview?

Aim for 30 to 60 seconds. Japanese interviewers value concise, clear communication. Practice in advance to ensure your 自己紹介 flows naturally without sounding memorized.

Common Job Interview Questions and Sample Answers

Q. 自己紹介をお願いします。(Jiko shoukai o onegaishimasu): Tell me about yourself.

This broad question assesses your overall background, personality, and motivations. Be concise and focus on aspects relevant to the job.

Sample Answer

Johnと申します。現在25歳、アメリカ出身で、ニューヨーク大学を卒業しました。アメリカでは2年間、日本では3年間、ウェブサイト制作を行う会社でエンジニアとして働いてまいりました。よろしくお願いいたします。

John to moushimasu. Genzai 25-sai, Amerika shusshin de, nyuuyouku daigaku o sotsugyou shimashita. Amerikade wa ninenkan, Nihonde wa sannenkan, webusaito seisaku o okonau kaisha de enjinia to shite hataraite mairimashita. Yoroshikuonegai itashimasu.

My name is John. I’m currently 25 years old, from the United States, and graduated from New York University. I worked as an engineer at a company that creates websites for two years in the United States and three years in Japan. Thank you very much.

Q. なぜ日本に来たのか聞いてもいいですか？ (Naze Nihon ni kita no ka kiite mo iidesu ka?): May I ask why you came to Japan?

This question asks about your interest in the country and could be used to evaluate your understanding of the Japanese market.

Sample Answer

小さいころから日本のゲームソフトやテレビドラマが身近にあり、いつかは日本に行ってみたいという気持ちがあったので、大学では日本語も学びました。エンジニアという職種なら日本で就職しやすいと考え来日を決めました。

Chiisai koro kara Nihon no geemusofuto ya terebi dorama ga midjika ni ari, itsuka wa Nihon ni itte mitai to iu kimochi ga attanode, daigakude wa nihongo mo manabimashita. Enjinia to iu shokushunara Nihon de shuushoku shi yasui to kangae rainichi o kimemashita.

Ever since I was little, I have been familiar with Japanese game software and TV dramas, and I wanted to go to Japan someday, so I also studied Japanese at university. I decided to come to Japan because I thought it would be easy to get a job in Japan as an engineer.

Q. このポジションに興味を持った理由 (Kono pojishon ni kyōmi o motta riyuu): Why are you interested in this position?

This question evaluates your understanding of the role and your genuine interest in the company. Demonstrate your knowledge of the company’s values and how your skills align with their needs.

Sample Answer

志望動機は、自分のスキルを発揮できる場所がほしいと思ったからです。私の対人関係スキルが、ベンダーとの有意義な関係を築くのに役に立つのではないかと感じています。また、デザインソフトを使った経験から、データベースの管理にも自信があります。

Shibou douki wa, jibun no sukiru o hakki dekiru basho ga hoshii to omotta karadesu. Watashi no taijin kankei sukiru ga bendaa to no yuuigina kankei o kizuku no ni yaku ni tatsu node wanai ka to kanjite imasu. Mata, dezain sofuto o tsukatta keiken kara, deetabeesu no kanri nimo jishin ga arimasu.

I am looking for this job because I am looking for an opportunity to use my skills. I feel that I could be successful in this position because my interpersonal skills will help me develop meaningful relationships with vendors. Additionally, my experience using design software has given me the confidence to manage databases.

Q. あなたの個人的な長所と短所について話してください (Anata no kojin-tekina chousho to tansho ni tsuite hanashite kudasai): Please talk about your personal strengths and weaknesses.

This question assesses your self-awareness and ability to identify areas for improvement. Be honest and highlight complementary strengths and weaknesses.

Sample Answer

長所は真面目なところ、短所は考えすぎてしまうところです。前職でも納期を必ず守り、ミスが無いよう何重にもチェックをしていました。考えすぎてしまうところは短所ですが、行動に移るのが遅くならないよう、常に前倒しで仕事の段取りを組むようにしています。

Chōsho wa majimena tokoro, tansho wa kangae sugite shimau tokoro desu. Zenshoku demo nōki o kanarazu mamori, misu ga nai you nan-juu ni mo chekku o shite imashita. Kangae sugite shimau tokoro wa tanshodesuga, koudou ni utsuru no ga osoku naranai yō, tsuneni maedaoshi de shigoto no dandori o kumu you ni shite imasu.

My strength is that I am serious, and my weakness is that I think too much. Even at my previous job, I always met deadlines and checked multiple times to make sure there were no mistakes. My weakness is that I tend to overthink things, but I always try to plan my work ahead of time so that I don’t delay taking action.

Here is another blog on Top 10 Useful Phrases for Japanese Job Interviews to help you sound more Natural; check it out to ace your interview!

Additional Tips for Jikoshoukai

Practice and Rehearse: Rehearse your self-introduction beforehand to ensure a smooth and confident delivery.
Maintain Eye Contact: Make eye contact with the interviewer to convey sincerity and engagement.
Speak Clearly and Concisely: Speak clearly and concisely, using proper grammar and pronunciation.
Show Enthusiasm and Passion: Convey your enthusiasm for the opportunity and your passion for the field.
Express Gratitude: Thank the interviewer for their time and consideration. You can say お時間をいただき、ありがとうございました。よろしくお願いいたします。(Ojikan o itadaki arigatougozaimashita. Yoroshiku onegaiitashimasu.) 。

You can also check out our blog, which includes different ways to express your gratitude!

What’s Next After Self-introduction?

Remember, your self-introduction is your chance to make a lasting impression and showcase your suitability for the role. By following these guidelines and tailoring your responses to the specific requirements of the interview, you can increase your chances of success and land your dream job in Japan.

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Want to land a job in Japan? Don’t forget to read our guide on:

FAQ

How do you introduce yourself in a Japanese job interview?

To introduce yourself in a Japanese job interview, start with a polite greeting, state your name using humble language (e.g.,「〇〇と申します」), briefly mention your background or work experience, and close with「どうぞよろしくお願いいたします」. Keep it formal and concise.

What kind of Japanese should I use in a job interview?

Use keigo (敬語), or honorific and humble expressions, to show respect and professionalism. Avoid casual language or slang. Polite verbs like「申します」「いたします」and respectful phrasing are essential for interviews in Japan.

Where can I learn keigo and business Japanese for job interviews?

You can join Coto Academy’s Business Japanese Course, a 3-month program focused on workplace communication, keigo, and interview preparation for professionals working in Japan.

What is jikoshoukai in Japanese?

Jikoshōkai (自己紹介) means “self-introduction” in Japanese. It’s the act of introducing yourself, such as sharing basic information like your name, background, and sometimes your goals or interests.

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Boost Your Career with Business Japanese Courses

Business Japanese Courses are designed to help you master essential business Japanese, from polite language and keigo (honorifics) to workplace-specific expressions. Whether you’re preparing to start a job in Japan, currently working in a Japanese office, or aiming to communicate more naturally with colleagues, supervisors, or clients, this course offers structured, practical training to help you succeed.

Availability:

Weekday 9am – 9pm, Saturday 10am – 5pm

Levels:

Intermediate to Advanced

Class size:

Max 8 students

Location:

Tokyo, Yokohama, and Online Language School

Length:

50 or 100 mins per day

Frequency:

Depends on the course

Focus:

Business Japanese, Keigo (Japanese Honorifics)

Things to note: You can drop in after the start date, but we recommend it only for learners with basic keigo knowledge.

Fundamentals of Business Communication Class

For Japanese learners with little or no experience studying Business Japanese.

This beginner-level course is ideal for learners with a JLPT N4 or higher who aim to develop confidence in formal communication at work. Learn essential vocabulary, polite expressions, and keigo through practical scenarios like self-introductions, exchanging business cards, phone calls, and making requests, no prior business Japanese experience needed, just basic speaking ability and motivation to learn.

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Business Conversation for In-House Communication Class

Build confidence in everyday business conversations with colleagues, clients, and supervisors.

This intermediate-level course is designed for learners who already use Japanese at work and want to improve their structure and fluency. You’ll practice real-world workplace scenarios, such as handing over tasks, joining meetings, and visiting clients, while strengthening your use of sonkeigo and kenjougo. Ideal for professionals in sales, admin, or office roles who want to speak more naturally and confidently in Japanese.

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Business Conversation for External Communication Class

Refine your business Japanese for client meetings, proposals, and professional discussions.

This advanced course is for learners who are confident with in-house communication and want to take their skills further. You’ll practice persuasive speaking, making proposals, and holding high-level conversations with clients and external partners. Ideal for those aiming to master business Japanese and apply upper-intermediate grammar in real business contexts with precision and confidence.

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Who are we working with?

Consulting Firms
Consulting firms trust us to prepare their staff for meetings and presentations in Japanese. Our focus on keigo and business nuance leads to better client communication.

High-End Brands
Luxury brands turn to us to train staff in delivering refined, culturally appropriate service in Japanese. The improvement in confidence and professionalism is clear.

Tech Companies
We help tech teams improve communication with Japanese clients and colleagues. Our training focuses on industry-specific language, and companies consistently report satisfaction with the results.

Students practicing Japanese at Coto Academy

Who Is This Business Japanese Course For?

This course is for non-native professionals aiming to work in Japan or with Japanese companies. Build confidence in keigo, workplace communication, and business etiquette.

You’ll benefit if you:

Want to understand Japanese business culture
Want to improve formal Japanese for work
Are preparing for interviews or job hunting
Need practical language for meetings and emails

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A ¥10,000 registration fee is required for new students.

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FAQ

What are Business Japanese Courses?

Business Japanese Courses help learners develop the language skills needed to communicate effectively in professional Japanese environments. These courses cover polite language (keigo), business vocabulary, email and phone etiquette, meeting phrases, and cultural practices to build confidence and professionalism in the workplace.

Who is Business Japanese Courses for?

This course is for learners who already have a basic foundation in Japanese (JLPT N4 or higher) and want to improve their communication skills for a Japanese workplace. It’s perfect for those who want to start using business expressions and keigo right away — even if they’ve never studied business Japanese before.

What level of Japanese do I need to join Business Japanese Courses?

We recommend a minimum of JLPT N4 or B6 communication level. You should be able to hold simple conversations and read basic textbook-level sentences. More advanced levels are available for learners with prior experience in Japanese workplaces.

What kind of business Japanese will I learn?

You’ll learn essential business vocabulary, polite expressions (keigo), email and phone communication, meeting phrases, and real-world workplace scenarios. The course also covers respectful and humble language (sonkeigo and kenjougo) and how to use them naturally.

I’ve never studied business Japanese before. Can I still join?

Yes! We offer beginner-friendly levels designed for learners who are new to business Japanese. You’ll start with simple, commonly-used expressions and gradually build up to more advanced communication patterns.

Where is the Business Japanese Courses held?

The course is taught in person and online at all Coto Academy’s school. Our location is conveniently accessible for working professionals and students alike, and our small class sizes ensure ample speaking practice.

Will I get to practice speaking in the Business Japanese Courses?

Absolutely. The course focuses on practical conversation skills, incorporating numerous role-plays, group exercises, and real-world scenarios to help you speak with confidence in a Japanese office environment.

Is this Business Japanese Courses suitable if I already use Japanese at work?

Yes. We offer intermediate and advanced levels for learners who already use Japanese at work and want to improve their fluency, accuracy, or understanding of business culture and formal expressions.

The global economy may seem uncertain at times, so perhaps you’re thinking of working in Japan instead and starting a career abroad. But how is Japan’s economy? Does it make sense for a foreigner to move to Japan for work? Would you need Japanese language skills?

Right now, the Japanese government offers several visa types that allow foreigners to seek employment, ranging from the highly coveted artist visa to the temporary working holiday visa. However, entering Japan’s job market as a foreigner is still often easier said than done. Between cultural differences, language barriers, and visa requirements, the path to employment can feel overwhelming. So, what does it really take to build a successful career in Japan? Here’s everything you need to know before you get started — or land in Japan.

Japan’s Economy: Should Foreigners Work in Japan?

With so many new policy changes and a surge in inbound tourism in Japan, Japan seems to be the next best place for people to work. But uncertainty might be the new buzzword in these trying times, and Japan is no exception.

For example, you might be familiar with Japan’s aging crisis, leading to labor shortages, along with a weak yen and lackluster economic growth. But let’s see how true some of these claims are and how they might affect you.

Check out our latest video on Japanese business communication to get insights into workplace dynamics in Japan.

Japan’s Economy is Growing

According to Deloitte and the OECD, Japan is experiencing positive economic growth, though there are some challenges ahead.

Is Inflation in Japan a Bad Thing?

After years of deflation — meaning wages were not increasing, consumers were not spending, and businesses struggled (hired, paid, and invested less) — Japan’s economy is finally experiencing inflation.

Although inflation is usually portrayed as a bad thing, in Japan’s context, it might be necessary to stimulate growth since an increase in wages and prices jump-starts economic activity. Households with higher incomes are willing to spend more, leading businesses to make higher profits. In return, they invest more.

Basically, businesses, governments, and households are spending and investing more, all signs of a healthier, growing economy.

So why does this matter to you? This should mean more companies are willing to hire and pay you more. Sounds good, doesn’t it?

Well, not so fast. Too much inflation might be a problem, especially when it’s driven by only one or two sectors. In Japan’s case, food and energy prices are driving inflation and are rising more than wages can keep up with.

However, food and energy prices should be easing even more this year. Additionally, the yen is finally showing signs of getting stronger.

How Does Low Yen And Wages Affect Me?

A lot of people are taking advantage of the weakening yen to travel to Japan. If you’re coming from the U.S. and most of Europe, the weaker yen means you will get more value when you convert your savings from U.S. dollars or Euros. However, you might be thinking that making a Japanese wage will not be enough, given that wages are on average lower and the yen is worth relatively less.

While the yen is noticeably stronger than the last fiscal year, there is no getting around the fact that it is weaker. But if you are gonna work and live here, you will enjoy a much lower cost of living.

The average rent in Japan, the cost of eating out, health insurance costs, and overall living expenses in the U.S. are much higher compared to Japan. Overall, the daily cost of living in Japan is much lower, and you can afford a comfortable way of life without needing to spend as much.

Why Are There More Foreign Employees in Japan?

Breakdown of which industries in the Japanese economy foreign workers holding Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services or Specialized Skills Visa are currently in.

You’ve probably heard about Japan’s aging population. Over the years, this demographic shift has led companies to hire more foreign employees. Key industries are experiencing significant labor shortages, and businesses are increasingly looking overseas to fill the gap. You can see this by looking at the growing bilingual recruitment agencies in Japan.

Because of this, Japan released new work visas, allowing a broader scope of workers to live in Japan. What are these key working visas?

1. Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa

In 2014, the Japanese government stipulated a comprehensive working visa called Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa (技術・人文知識・国際業務), also called “Gijinkoku”. It allows work encompassing most white-collar jobs and is one of the most common foreign worker visas.

If you’re planning to work in Japan as a developer or get hired from overseas, you’ll most likely use this type of visa.

2. Specialized Skilled Worker Visa

In 2019, Japan released the Specialized Skilled Worker Visa that will allow any worker with certain skills to work in fields such as manufacturing, automotive, nursing, shipbuilding, accommodation, and more. It’s a wide, encompassing visa that allows workers with certain occupational skills to work in Japan immediately.

It also allows an easy route from the technical intern training visa to obtain a work visa after the internship is complete.

These visas were created to legally allow a wide range of foreign workers to be employed in Japan and make it easier for companies to hire these workers. Workers from Vietnam, China, and other Asian countries form the majority of skilled laborers across Japan’s key sectors.

If you are thinking about moving to Japan, read our guide on how to get a working visa to live in Japan.

What is the Average Salary in Japan?

The average salary in Japan will depend on your experience, career, location, and relative position in the company. In Tokyo, the average starting salary is around ¥3 million annually ($20,700~) while the average salary for mid-level employees could be around ¥4.5 million ($31,000). Senior-level roles could reach around ¥6-7 million ($41,000 – $48,000).

What Forms Of Employment Are Available in Japan?

English teaching is often seen as an easy way in, usually just needing a bachelor’s or associate’s degree and little to no Japanese. But these days, there are other job opportunities popping up too.

Companies are increasingly recognizing the value of a global perspective, which is why they are eager to hire foreigners across a variety of sectors, including customer service, sales, marketing, creative fields, and travel. There’s also a growing demand for foreign talent in IT and engineering, with job sites specifically focusing on tech roles in Japan.

The good news is that there are opportunities to work in Japan, but it largely depends on your skills and Japanese abilities. Before that, you might want to get familiar with how to job hunt in Japan and write a Japanese resume.

Do You Need Japanese to Work in Japan?

Whether or not you need Japanese — and to what extent — depends on your skills, background, and career path. In general, you might get more career opportunities in Japan by having JLPT certifications.

Working in Japan Without Much Japanese

In the past, many companies required foreigners to have JLPT N1 to be hired, but now, more companies are lowering their Japanese language requirements to JLPT N2 or JLPT N3.

This is true especially for professionals with skills in tech, such as developers. For example, Rakuten’s main operating language is English due to the number of foreign IT specialists.

Here are some common jobs in Japan that may not need much Japanese:

1. English teacher or ALT

Visa type: Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa or Instructor visa

English teaching can consist of assistant instructors, private tutors, head teachers, and more. You can be hired by either Japanese public schools or private organizations.

Required: Native or fluent English, Associate’s or Bachelor’s Degree
Sometimes required: English teaching certificate, background in education

2. Recruiter

Visa type: Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa

There’s a high demand for recruiters who can find talent fluent in both English and Japanese. As a result, many recruitment companies prioritize English proficiency over Japanese skills.

Required: Fluent English, Bachelor’s degree, communication and presentation skills
Sometimes required: Some Japanese, experience in sales, or knowledge of certain industries

Visa type: Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa

IT specialists and data scientists can work in virtually any industry since companies always need software, web development, or someone who can run statistical analyses. More often than not, Japanese is not necessary. In recent years, too, many companies are willing to hire applicants from overseas locations.

Required: Relevant programming skills such as Python, SQL, C++, etc. Technical skills such as math, statistics, and computer science
Sometimes required: Some Japanese for internal communication

4. Marketing

Visa type: Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa

Many marketing agencies and Japanese companies targeting foreigners living in Japan or trying to sell overseas need talent with foreign language abilities. Some marketing jobs in Japan do require a high level of Japanese proficiency, but this depends on the position and company you are applying for.

Required: Relevant marketing experience

Sometimes required: Degree in related field

5. Travel industry (Inbound)

Visa type: Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa

Inbound tourism is a booming industry in Japan. Travel companies need someone who can speak English or the language of their target audience to help plan itineraries and take guests on guided tours.

Required: Fluency in English or target language, communication and planning skills
Sometimes required: Some Japanese skills

6. Creative Roles

Visa type: Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa

Creative roles such as web designers, illustrators, graphic designers, animators (2D, 3D), videographers, and more are in high demand across Japanese companies.

Beyond art and entertainment, organizations of a variety of industries need creatives for advertising, making content, establishing brand assets, and much more.

Required: Usually a degree in a creative field, a creative portfolio (showing all your past projects), proficiency in creative tools (e.g. Adobe Creative Suite)
Sometimes Required: Exposure to creative projects, some Japanese, depending on the role

Large Japanese construction site in Central tokyo

Roles in Japan That Require High Japanese Skills

If you can speak Japanese, your job opportunities in Japan expand significantly. Even in roles where high-level proficiency isn’t required, knowing Japanese is highly valued. It will not only make your work life smoother but also help you stand out as a candidate when you are interviewing with your prospective employers.

Here are some popular roles for foreigners who can speak Japanese:

1. Consultant

Visa type: Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa

Many international and domestic companies hiring for client-facing positions will require a high level of Japanese proficiency since the role largely involves solving complex problems, writing emails in Japanese, and drafting documents.

Required: Fluent to native-level Japanese or client-facing experience
Sometimes required: Business analysis skills, industry experience

2. Finance and banking

Visa type: Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa

Oftentimes, banks and finance companies need bilinguals to communicate to clients and stakeholders in Japan and overseas. Roles in the companies can vary, but generally are involved in mergers and acquisitions (M&A), financial planning and analysis, investment banking, asset management, brokerage, accounting, and more

Required: Fluent to native-level Japanese, educational background in finance or banking, customer services (depending on role)
Sometimes required: Credentials or training in finance/accounting, training program experience, internship experience

3. Travel Industry (Outbound)

Visa type: Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa

For those in the outbound tourism industry or working with travel companies catering to Japanese audiences, Japanese proficiency is essential. The travel and tourism sector offers a range of roles, from marketing and creative positions to travel consulting and planning.

Required: Business Japanese, customer service skills (if a travel consultant)
Sometimes required: Travel industry experience, local knowledge of regional locations, knowledge of different airline policies, or travel insurance.

4. Translation

Visa type: Engineer, Specialist in Humanities, and International Services Visa

Translating or interpreting is a high-demand position if you are bilingual in Japanese and English or another language. These roles can be used in just about every industry, from interpreting for interviews to localizing Japanese materials to global markets and vice versa.

Required: Fluency in Japanese and English or the target language. Background or specialized skills in linguistics and interpreting.
Sometimes required: Degree in a language subject or language interpretation

Is Working in Japan Right for You?

We have established that Japan is hiring! Can you find the right types of roles for you? Is work culture different here?

No matter which career path you choose, adapting to Japanese business culture is part of the charm. Even if your role doesn’t involve interacting with Japanese clients directly, you’ll still communicate with Japanese colleagues regularly.

Roles like English teaching may be one of the most common positions without any need for Japanese. Just like any teaching role in your home country, teaching in Japan requires skills in classroom management, education, child behavior, and a plethora of teaching methods. If you are passionate about educating, English teaching would fit perfectly.

Foreigners can also pivot into sales-oriented roles in Japan, which can be popular due to their flexibility in Japanese language requirements. These roles can come with higher stress and pressure to meet performance indicators. If you thrive in fast-paced, high-stress environments, then you are likely a fit for these types of roles.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Working in Japan

Advantages of working in Japan could include:

Lower cost of living so high salaries are not required for a comfortable way of life
Relatively more on the job training so entry-level jobs don’t always require degrees in the exact same field as the role
Lots of Japanese national holidays
Relatively stable career, Japanese companies will hire for the long-term and labor law makes it difficult to fire

Disadvantages of working in Japan could include:

Lower salaries relative to other countries
Work-life balance is not always prioritized: overtime is common, less paid-time off (usually 10 days), and employees face difficulty getting their requested time-off approved
Corporate structure can be rigid and hierarchical leaving little room for flexibility or new ideas.

How to Adapt to the Japanese Work Culture

Even if you land the perfect job for you in Japan, navigating the work culture and unique business customs can prove to be a challenge. Japanese companies tend to be more risk-averse, hire and train on-site, and be strict about using keigo.

The good news is that in recent years, Japanese companies have become more aware of cultural differences. Teams are becoming more international and adapting to accommodate people of all backgrounds. The variety of perspectives is bringing change from within companies, creating more flexible management styles, remote work policies, and better benefits!

Conclusion

Japan is hiring more foreigners than ever before, and despite some economic uncertainties, now is as good a time as any to apply. Don’t be afraid to explore new waters and reach your goals of living in Japan.

Boost Your Chances of Getting a Job in Japan by Learning Japanese!

Whether you’re already working in Japan and want to communicate better with your team, or you’re just starting your job hunt, learning Japanese can open more doors for your career.

Coto Academy offers tailored business Japanese lessons in Tokyo, designed to help you speak confidently at work. With intermediate to advanced lessons available on weekends and evenings, our flexible schedule is perfect for working professionals looking to fit language study into their routine.

Master business Japanese with Coto Academy!

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Want to relocate to Japan but don’t speak the language yet? Study in Japan for one year through our free study abroad service Coto School Finder and find your dream job!

FAQ

What is the average salary in Japan?

In Tokyo, the average starting salary is around ¥3 million annually ($20,700~) while the average salary for mid-level employees could be around ¥4.5 million ($31,000). Senior-level roles could reach around ¥6-7 million ($41,000 – $48,000).

Can foreigners work in Japan?

Yes, foreigners can work in Japan with the appropriate visa and qualifications in various sectors.

What work is in demand in Japan?

There is a high demand for professionals in IT, engineering, healthcare, teaching English, and hospitality.

Can I get a job in Japan if I only speak English?

Yes, many international companies, teaching positions, and tech roles in Japan hire English speakers.

Can you make a high salary in Japan?

It is possible to make a high salary in Japan, especially if you work for a larger global company. They may be more likely to pay wages that meet standards outside of Japan. However, be aware that you will be required to pay Japanese income taxes, which can be as high as 45% in the highest income bracket.

How to apply for a job in Japan?

To apply for a job in Japan, you typically need a valid work visa, which you can obtain through an employer offering a position; you can apply through job boards, recruitment agencies, or directly with companies that sponsor foreign workers.

Can I work in Japan without a degree?

Yes, you can work in Japan without a degree, especially in fields like hospitality, construction, or certain types of manual labor, but many professional jobs (like in IT, finance, and engineering) usually require a degree or relevant qualifications.

Japanese honorifics are suffixes or prefixes used to show respect or familiarity when addressing other people. While they can be tricky for beginners, they play a key role in everyday conversations. For example, the same friend might be called Tanaka-san one day and Tanaka-kun the next, depending on who they are talking with. It all depends context, social status, and even gender. So which one should you use?

If you’ve ever wondered the meaning of -chan, -kun, -san, and –sama and how to use them, you’re in the right place. In this guide, we’ll break down the meanings of the most common Japanese honorifics and help you learn when to use each titles.

Want to fast-track your career in Japan? Coto Academy’s 3-month Business Japanese Course is designed to help you master keigo (business Japanese) and improve workplace communication skills. Gain the confidence to speak professionally with colleagues and clients, navigate meetings, and open up new career opportunities!

Join a 3-month Business Japanese Course

Using Japanese Honorific Titles

Japanese honorific titles are suffixes that goes after the person’s name. In Japan, people call each other by their family name rather than their given names. For example, if you come across a Japanese person and their name is Satou Kentaro, Satou being their surname, you can commonly address them as Satou-san.

Sometimes, people can add suffixes to someone’s first name based on personal preference or relationship. If you’re unsure, it’s safer to use the person’s family name with an appropriate honorific. These suffixes are used when addressing someone directly or talking about them. Note that because Japanese society values hierarchy, people of higher status sometimes omit honorifics when referring to others.

San, the most common one, could be translated as “Mr.”, “Mrs.” and “Ms.” and is gender neutral. However, you will find that Japanese honorific titles are more complicated to use than it looks and that they cannot be so easily translated.

More of a visual learner? Let’s watch Nami-sensei break down how Japanese suffixes like -san, -sama, -kun, and -chan work!

4 Basic Japanese Honorifics

1. San (さん)

San (さん) is certainly the first honorific title you will learn when studying Japanese. This suffix can be used to refer to almost anyone. It is gender neutral, and works like “Mr.”, “Ms.”, “Miss”, or “Mrs.” in English, but it is much more commonly used in everyday Japanese.

Example:
田中さん、こんにちは。
Tanaka-san, konnichiwa.
Hello, Mr./Ms. Tanaka.

The reason why this is the most common and safest honorific is because it still signals respect.

The usage of san is also very broad and flexible. While it is most commonly added to people’s names, it can also be attached to occupations, roles, or even companies and shops. For example, a baker could be called by “pan-ya san.”

Usage of “san”	Example	English Equivalent
Added to a person’s name	田中さん (Tanaka-san)	Mr./Ms. Tanaka
Added to a profession or role	パン屋さん (pan-ya san)	The baker (“Mr. Bread Shop”)
Added to a shop or business	本屋さん (honya-san)	The bookstore owner
	寿司屋さん (sushi-ya san)	The sushi restaurant owner

2. Sama (さま)

Sama (さま) is the a very respectful honorific title in Japanese, and the more formal version of –san. It is used in business and clientele context.

Using -sama implies that the guest or customer holds a superior or honored position. When addressing or referring to customers and clients, it shows respect and politeness, similar to “Sir” or “Madam” in English. For example, “okyaku-sama” (お客様) means “honored guest” or “customer,” emphasizing their importance.

Example:
お客様、いらっしゃいませ。
Okyaku-sama, irasshaimase.
Welcome, honored customer.

The use of –sama doesn’t just stop in spoken Japanese. When you send a letter, the recipient’s name will be followed by the kanji “様”. This practice is important because Japanese culture places a strong emphasis on hierarchy and respect, especially in formal situations. It’s similar to writing “Dear Mr./Ms.” in English but with a stronger tone of respect.

Similarly, when you want to address a group of people or an audience with respect, sama is attached to “mina” (everyone). This title is also a part of several set of phrases such as “ostukaresama.”

Example
神様にお願いをしました。
Kami-sama ni onegai o shimashita.
I made a wish to the god.

Japanese deities are often called 神様 (kami-sama) — the 様 (sama) shows great respect and honor, highlighting their divine status.

3. Kun (くん)

The title –kun (君) is usually reserved for young men or juniors. If you like to watch anime or read manga, you will probably notice “kun” as they appear frequently as nicknames among the main characters!

Example:
佐藤くん、こちらの資料を見てください。
Satou-kun, kochira no shiryou o mite kudasai.
Satou, please take a look at these documents.

So when exactly do Japanese people use –kun?

When addressing boys or young men, especially if you’re older or in a higher position (like teachers to male students, or bosses to male juniors).
Among male friends or classmates who are the same age or younger, to show familiarity and friendliness.
Women can use it to address a man to whom they are very close.

Occasionally, in a business context, young women can be called –kun by their superior. Once again, you should always keep in mind the implied hierarchy of a title. Kun is used by a person of a higher status towards a younger male or a child.

Tip: Nowadays, men sometimes use –kun when addressing women, but it’s very rare for women to call each other -kun. You should never use –kun when addressing your superiors, as it’s considered too casual and disrespectful.

4. Chan (ちゃん)

Chan (ちゃん) the childish version of san. The honorific –chan originally comes from how children mispronounced –san, but over time, the change from “s” sound to “ch” is considered cute in Japanese, so it became a common Japanese honorifics.

You’ll often hear chan used in:

For young children, especially girls
Among close friends or family members, regardless of age, to show closeness
For pets or cute animals
Sometimes as a playful or affectionate nickname for adults, often women

Like –kun, friends and lovers can also address each other with this honorific. Surprisingly, there are some strange and wonderful exception to –chan, as it can be used to refer to an endearing adult. Among the most famous examples, you will find Arnold Schwarzenegger, called Shuwa-chan!

Fun fact! Chan is also frequently used to refer to cute cats!

Other Japanese Titles

By now, you must have guessed there is quite a long list of honorific titles. The most famous ones are definitely senpai, kouhai and sensei.

5. Senpai

Senpai (先輩) means “senior” or “upperclassman.” It refers to someone who has more experience or is in a higher grade or position than you, such as an older student, a senior colleague, or a mentor. Senpai often guides or supports kouhai.

6. Kouhai (後輩)

Kouhai (後輩) means “junior” or “underclassman.” It refers to someone who is younger, less experienced, or in a lower grade or position. Kouhai typically show respect to their senpai.

7. Sensei (先生)

Sensei (先生) literally means “teacher” or “master.” It’s used to address or refer to teachers, instructors, doctors, lawyers, and other professionals who have expertise and authority in their field. It can also be used to show respect to artists, writers, or skilled practitioners.

Other titles exist, such as “bou” (坊) for very young boys and the formal “shi” (氏) most exclusively used by writing and in particular for legal and academic documents.

Historically, samurai and lords were addressed with the title “dono” (殿), pronounced “tono,” which conveyed great respect. Today, you’ll mostly encounter “dono” in official documents and certificates.

If you enjoy learning about Japanese history, you might also have heard “chichi ue” or “haha ue” to speak about one’s father (chichi) or mother (haha) with a high level of respect: 上 (ue) meaning above.

Japanese Honorifics in the Workplace and Occupations

San, kun, chan and sama honorifics are often considered the basic Japanese titles, but there are other occupational honorific titles. Beware of the Japanese working environment! In traditional Japanese companies, workers are often addressed by their job titles rather than honorifics. For example, instead of saying “Tanaka-san,” you would say “Tanaka-shachou” when referring to your company president.

8. Buchou (部長)

The buchou is the head of a department within a company. They are responsible for managing the department’s operations, supervising staff, and making sure their team meets its goals.

Example:
田中部長は今、会議室で重要な打ち合わせをしています。
Tanaka-buchou wa ima, kaigishitsu de juuyou na uchiawase o shiteimasu.
Manager Tanaka is currently having an important meeting in the conference room.

9. Shachou (社長)

The shachou is the company president or CEO. This is the highest executive position in the company, responsible for making major decisions, setting company policies, and representing the company both internally and externally. The shachou usually reports to the board of directors.

Example:
社長の山本さんは、新しいプロジェクトの発表をしました。
Shachou no Yamamoto-san wa, atarashii purojekuto no happyou o shimashita.
President Yamamoto announced a new project.

10. Kachou (課長)

The kachou is a section manager or chief. They manage a smaller group or section within a department and report to the buchou.

Example:
鈴木課長はチームの進捗を毎週チェックしています。
Suzuki-kachou wa chiimu no shinchoku o maishuu chekku shiteimasu.
Section Chief Suzuki checks the team’s progress every week.

Common Mistake When Using Honorifics

One common mistake Japanese learners make is referring to themselves with an honorific title. Remember to never use san or any other title to refer to yourself unless you want to sound arrogant! The only exception to the rule is chan: in a casual context, some people, in particular, women, will refer to themselves in a childish third person.

Other times you should not use Japanese honorifics include:

Close family members (sometimes): Within families, honorifics are often dropped, especially when speaking about or to immediate family like siblings or parents.
Very close friends or lovers: Among close friends or romantic partners, people often use just the name or nicknames without honorifics.
In very casual or informal settings: Among children or in casual groups, honorifics might be omitted.
When using job titles or roles in formal contexts: As mentioned, sometimes , especially in business, people use titles like “buchou” (manager) or “tenchou” (store manager) without honorifics.

When to Drop Japanese Titles: 呼び捨て (Yobisute)

Yobisute (呼び捨て) is the act of dropping the suffix when you refer to someone else. As it shows a degree intimacy, it is important to take a peek into the Japanese concept of “in-out” (uchi / soto) ruling the whole Japanese speech.

In Japanese, “uchi” means home. As a concept, “uchi” refers to all the people you know inside a specific social circle: your family, your company, your club. For example, inside the “uchi”, family members may drop the title.
In Japanese, “soto” means outside. As a concept, “soto” refers to all the people who are not inside your specific social circle. For example, another company’s employee.

Japanese speech differs depending on the social context of your interlocutor. Foreigners most often struggle to grasp the honorific speech and the profoundly complex politeness of Japanese language. An important and simple rule is that you will not speak the same way with someone from “uchi” to someone from “soto”. Regarding the honorific title, the tricky conversation context would be when your interlocutor is from soto and you are referring to someone from “uchi”:

When talking with a client about your manager, Mr. Kaneki, you usually call him Kaneki-san in the office. However, in this formal context, you drop the honorific and use his work title instead: buchou no Kaneki (部長の金木), meaning “Manager Kaneki.”

Similarly, when referring to a colleague like Takezawa-san, you would say douryou no Takezawa (同僚の竹沢), which means “colleague Takezawa.”

Using Japanese Honorifics with Western Name

Very often, you can feel confused and surprised to hear people addressing others with their family name. Japanese are not always at ease when addressing a foreigner but they know the connection implied by the use of the first name abroad. Do not be surprised if –san is added to your first name instead of your family name. And do not feel offended if they omit the –san as some Japanese might attempt to respect westerner manners.

On the contrary, the use of the first name is considered too familiar for Japanese and they would feel rather uncomfortable. That being said, the more you spend time in Japan or close to Japanese, the more you will understand exceptions exist, in particular with Japanese who have experience with foreigners.

In business contexts, it is necessary to use keigo with colleagues of higher positions and seniority.

You can also learn about the different ways to refer to yourself!

What’s Next After Learning Japanese Suffixes?

Want to master Japanese honorifics like -san, -kun, -chan, and -sama with confidence? Continue learning Japanese at Coto Academy, where you will learn not just the grammar, but the cultural nuances behind the language! Join our fun, conversation-focused classs online or in tokyo, and start speaking Japanese naturally, one suffix at a time!

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What are Japanese honorifics?

Japanese honorifics are suffixes or titles added to names or job titles to express respect, familiarity, or social hierarchy. Common honorifics include -san, -kun, -chan, and -sama.

When should I use -san in Japanese?

Use -san when addressing someone politely, especially in formal situations or when speaking to people you don’t know well. It’s the most commonly used honorific and works like “Mr.” or “Ms.” in English, but is more universal.

What’s the difference between -kun and -chan?

Kun is typically used for boys or younger men and may also be used in workplace settings by superiors addressing junior staff. Chan is a more affectionate honorific used for children, close friends, or loved ones.

What does -sama mean in Japanese?

Sama is a very respectful honorific, often used for customers, clients, or people of higher social status. It is also used in formal letters and customer service settings.

Should I use Japanese honorifics when speaking English?

If you’re discussing Japanese people or culture in English, it’s acceptable to use honorifics like –san, especially for clarity or respect.

Where should I study Japanese?

If you want to learn Japanese effectively, consider Coto Academy. Coto offers tailored courses for all levels, from beginners to advanced learners, with native teachers who focus on practical conversation and cultural understanding. Whether you prefer in-person classes in Tokyo and Yokohama or online lessons from anywhere, Coto provides flexible options to suit your schedule.

Planning to study for the JLPT? Short for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, JLPT is the most recognized Japanese language certification used by employers, universities, and immigration authorities to assess non-native speakers’ Japanese proficiency.

People say that passing the JLPT opens many doors, like landing a job in Japan and even help with your visa application for permanent residence. But with so much at stake, the JLPT can also be one of the most stressful tests to take. How long should you study? Can you even take the test where you live? In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about the JLPT, from registration to preparation strategies and resources, so you can walk into the exam room ready to pass!

What is the JLPT?

The Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) is a standardized exam administered by the Japan Educational Exchanges and Services (JEES) and the Japanese Ministry of Education. It evaluates and certifies the Japanese language skills of non-native speakers across five levels, from N5 (beginner) to N1 (advanced).

The JLPT was first introduced in 1984 in response to the growing demand for a reliable Japanese language certification. In its first year, only 7,000 people took the test. By 2024, around 1.72 million people took the test worldwide!

The exam has evolved significantly over time. Back then, it was even used as a requirement for international students applying to Japanese universities. While the EJU (Examination for Japanese University Admission for International Students) has largely taken its place in academia, the JLPT remains a trusted credential for employers.

Originally held only once a year with just four levels, it now takes place twice a year (in July and December) in many countries, except in 2020, when it was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Today, all JLPT levels use multiple-choice questions and are machine-scored to maintain fairness.

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What are the JLPT levels?

There are five JLPT levels, each designed to measure different stages of Japanese language proficiency.

The beginner levels, N5 and N4, focus on building a solid foundation in basic Japanese. N3 serves as a bridge between beginner and advanced skills, demonstrating the ability to handle everyday conversations comfortably. N2 is often considered business-level Japanese and is the minimum requirement for many companies hiring foreign workers. Finally, N1 represents full fluency of the language.

Here’s an overview of how many kanji and vocabulary words you’ll need to know for each JLPT level:

JLPT Level	Approximate Kanji to Know	Approximate Vocabulary to Know
N5	100	800
N4	300	1,500
N3	650	3,750
N2	1,000	6,000
N1	2,000+	10,000+

Below is a detailed explanation of each level to help you decide which JLPT exam best suits your current skills and goals:

1. JLPT N5

The JLPT N5 is the most basic level, designed to test fundamental Japanese language skills. It is roughly equivalent to A1 on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). This level evaluates your ability to understand and use simple phrases and everyday expressions written in hiragana, katakana, and basic kanji.

At this point, you can prove that you can greet people, but you can’t express your opinion yet.

While N5 alone may not open many job opportunities, it serves as a valuable goal for beginners!

2. JLPT N4

The JLPT N4 shows that you can handle basic Japanese used in daily life, including reading simple passages and understanding common conversations. It corresponds approximately to A2-B1 on the CEFR.

Passing the JLPT N4 is usually manageable for those who have already cleared N5. However, N4 requires knowing about 200 additional kanji and roughly 700 more vocabulary words compared to the N5 level.

Make sure to watch our YouTube video, where Nami-sensei teaches you how to use one of JLPT N3 grammar, dake (だけ)!

3. JLPT N3

JLPT N3 is the intermediate level of the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, sitting right between the beginner (5 or N4) and advanced (N2 and N1) tiers. It’s designed to test your ability to understand everyday Japanese used in a range of familiar situations.

At this level, you’re expected to have a solid grasp of grammar, a growing vocabulary, and the ability to read slightly more complex texts.

For many learners, N3 is an achievable milestone. It shows that you can handle daily conversations, understand basic news headlines, and navigate typical communication in a Japanese environment without much difficulty.

Professionally, JLPT N3 is often the minimum requirement for part-time jobs in Japan and may also be accepted for technical roles in global companies where some Japanese ability is helpful but not strictly essential, such as in IT or engineering teams.

4. JLPT N2

The JLPT N2 demonstrates advanced intermediate proficiency. At this level, you are expected to understand Japanese used in a wide variety of contexts, such as newspapers, TV shows, lectures, and business conversations.

N2 is often regarded as the benchmark for business-level Japanese. Although N2 is the threshold for fluency, more companies are relaxing their standards for Japanese fluency to the N3 level.

It is approximately equivalent to B2 on the CEFR.

5. JLPT N1

The JLPT N1 is the highest and most challenging level, indicating near-native fluency. It covers about 2,000 kanji and 10,000 vocabulary words. N1 tests your ability to comprehend complex texts such as academic articles, editorials, and detailed reports, as well as to follow nuanced conversations on specialized topics.

Although N1 is the highest JLPT level, learners can further challenge themselves by taking the Business Japanese Proficiency Test (BJT). Unlike the JLPT, which focuses on general language proficiency, the BJT is designed to objectively measure practical communication skills in a Japanese business environment.

What is the structure of JLPT?

The JLPT measures your language skills across four main areas: vocabulary, grammar, reading, and listening. Each section is timed, and the structure varies slightly depending on the test level.

For JLPT N5 to N3, the exam is split into three sections:

Vocabulary
Grammar and Reading
Listening

For JLPT N2 and N1, vocabulary, grammar, and reading are merged into one section, making time management even more crucial.

Test duration by level

Level	Test Sections	Time Allotment	Total Duration
N1	Vocabulary, Grammar and Reading	110 minutes	165 min
N1	Listening	55 minutes	165 min
N2	Vocabulary, Grammar and Reading	105 min	155 min
N2	Listening	50 minutes	155 min
N3	Vocabulary	30 min	140 min
	Grammar + Reading	70 min
	Listening	40 min
N4	Vocabulary	25 minutes	115 minutes
	Grammar + Reading	55 minutes
	Listening	35 minutes
N5	Vocabulary	20 minutes	90 minutes
	Grammar + Reading	40 minutes
	Listening	30 minutes

JLPT section breakdown

1. Vocabulary (語彙)

This section tests your knowledge of Japanese words and kanji readings. You’ll need to recognize vocabulary in different formats, such as:

Kanji reading: Select the correct reading of the underlined kanji.
Orthography: Choose the correct kanji for a word written in hiragana.
Word formation: Complete compound words or expressions.
Paraphrasing: Pick a synonym or phrase with a similar meaning.
Usage and expressions: Choose the sentence where a word is used correctly or complete the missing parts.

2. Grammar (文法)

Though the dedicated grammar test section in JLPT is short, remember that the level-appropriate grammar is also embedded across other sections like reading and vocabulary. You may encounter:

Grammar fill-in-the-blank: Choose the appropriate grammar form or phrases.
Sentence order: Rearrange jumbled parts into a grammatically correct sentence.
Phrase completion: Select the best phrase to complete a sentence naturally.

3. Reading (読解)

The reading section is often considered one of the most difficult. You’ll read various texts and answer questions about them. The complexity increases at higher levels. Reading tasks may include:

Passage comprehension: Understand short to long texts.
Information retrieval: Extract key details from ads, notices, or schedules.
Integrated comprehension: Compare two passages (only in N2 and N1).
Thematic comprehension: Grasp the main idea of long-form texts (N2 and N1).

4. Listening (聴解)

The listening section of the JLPT tests how well you can understand spoken Japanese in real-life situations. You’ll hear short conversations, announcements, or monologues, and answer questions based on what you heard. Importantly, you only hear the audio once, and the questions appear after the audio, so active listening and memory are key.

Appropriate Response: Choose the best reply to a short conversation or question.
Task Comprehension: Understand what action is required based on instructions or requests.
Key Point Comprehension: Identify the main idea or important details of the dialogue.
Verbal Expressions: Interpret specific phrases or expressions in context.
Integrated Comprehension: (N2/N1 only) Follow longer conversations and compare opinions or viewpoints.

Passing score for JLPT

To pass the JLPT (Japanese-Language Proficiency Test), you must pass both the overall score requirement and the minimum sectional score.

1. Overall score requirement

Each JLPT level has a different total score and passing threshold:

JLPT Level	Total Score	Passing Score
N1	180	100
N2	180	90
N3	180	95
N4	180	90
N5	180	80

2. Minimum sectional score

Similarly, the minimum required scores for each section of the JLPT vary by level. Note that for JLPT N4 and N5, vocabulary, grammar, and reading are combined into a single section!

JLPT Level	Vocabulary and Grammar		Reading		Listening
JLPT Level	Total score	Passing score	Total score	Passing score	Total score	Passing score
N1	19	60	19	60	19	60
N2	19	60	19	60	19	60
N3	19	60	19	60	19	60

JLPT Level	Vocabulary, Grammar and Reading		Listening
JLPT Level	Total score	Passing score	Total score	Passing score
N4	120	38	19	60
N5	120	38	19	60

This means even if your total score meets the passing requirement, you won’t pass the test unless you also reach the minimum score in each individual section.

For instance, in N2, you must score at least 19 points in both the combined Language Knowledge (Vocabulary/Grammar) & Reading section, and in the Listening section. You can’t rely on one strong area to make up for a weak one!

When and where can you take the JLPT?

Wondering if you can take the JLPT in your home country? The Japanese-Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) is held twice a year, typically on the first Sunday of July and December, both in Japan and at select overseas locations.

However, some countries only offer the JLPT once a year, either in July or December, so it’s important to check your local schedule.

As of 2024, the JLPT is conducted in over 96 countries and regions. That means if you live in or near a major city, there’s a good chance a test center is available nearby. You can check the official JLPT site for the list of overseas test sites.

How many hours does it take to study for JLPT?

The number of study hours needed to pass the JLPT can vary widely depending on the learner. If you’re living in Japan or regularly exposed to Japanese, especially kanji, you may progress more quickly.

Learners with a background in Chinese or other kanji-based languages also tend to pick things up faster due to their familiarity with the writing system.

Exam level	Hours needed to study
Exam level	With kanji knowledge	Without kanji knowledge
N5	350 hours	400 – 500 hours
N4	550 hours	800 – 1,000 hours
N3	900 hours	1325 hours
N2	1500 hours	2200 hours
N1	2150 hours	3900 – 4500 hours

Take a look at the table below for a rough estimate of how many hours you might need to spend studying for each JLPT level!

JLPT Level	Estimated Study Duration (1–2 hours/day)
N5	4 to 6 months
N4	7 to 9 months
N3	10 to 12 months
N2	14 to 18 months
N1	20 to 24+ months

If you study for 1–2 hours a day, you can expect to reach JLPT N5 or N4 in about 6 to 9 months. Advancing to N2 or N1, however, might take 2 to 3 years of consistent effort. Keep in mind that even some long-time learners haven’t reached N1!

You can read our more thorough breakdown of how many hours it takes to study for the JLPT!

How to study for the JLPT?

The best way to prepare for the JLPT combines multiple strategies: taking mock exams, joining a prep course, using varied study materials, immersing yourself in Japanese media, and, most importantly, being consistent.

Everyone learns differently, so there’s no single approach that works for everyone. The key is to find a routine that fits your goals and stick to it. Here’s how to get started:

1. Set up a study schedule

If you’re serious about passing the JLPT, especially with a high score, you need a realistic and consistent study plan. Design a daily or weekly schedule that includes time for vocabulary, grammar, reading, and listening.

For example:

Learn 10–20 new vocabulary words and kanji each day.
Dedicate one day a week to reading practice or mock test review.
Review previous content regularly to reinforce memory.

You never want to cram your JLPT exam preparation, especially for higher levels.

2. Take mock exams

Practice exams help you get familiar with the JLPT format and time constraints. Simulating real test conditions helps reduce anxiety and improves time management. It also reveals your weak points so you can focus your efforts more efficiently.

Pro tip: For N2 and N1, where reading, vocabulary, and grammar are combined into one long section, poor time management can cost you the entire reading section. Practice under timed conditions to develop your pacing.

3. Join a JLPT prep course

While it’s entirely possible to prepare for the JLPT on your own, many learners find that structured guidance and support make a huge difference.

Joining a course like the JLPT prep course at Coto Academy gives you access to expert teachers, well-organized lessons, and high-quality study materials. Plus, you’ll be surrounded by classmates who share your goal, creating a motivating and encouraging environment.

Coto Academy’s JLPT courses cover everything you need to succeed, from essential grammar and vocabulary to kanji and exam strategies. Whether you prefer a focused three-month intensive program or a year-round course, we offer options for all JLPT levels!

3. Gather study materials

To effectively prepare for the JLPT, it’s essential to use a mix of study tools. Combining different resources helps reinforce your skills in kanji, vocabulary, grammar, reading, and listening, and keeps your study sessions more engaging.

Textbooks: JLPT-specific textbooks like the Shin Kanzen Master or TRY! series are great for targeted practice in grammar, vocabulary, and reading. We’ve curated a list of the best JLPT textbooks to help you choose the right one.
Online Resources & Apps: Make use of websites, mobile apps, and online platforms designed for JLPT learners. Need recommendations? Check out our blog on the best Japanese learning apps.
Flashcards: Flashcards are great for memorizing vocabulary and kanji. Tools like Anki, which use spaced repetition, can make your study more efficient. We’ve also created a guide to help you get started with Anki and listed our favorite Japanese decks.

4. Read newspapers and watch the news

This is especially helpful for JLPT N2 and N1 learners, where the reading section becomes more advanced. Anime can help you learn Japanese, but it might not be able to prepare you for JLPT N1.

Instead, you can switch to content that uses more formal and natural Japanese, like:

Japanese news (NHK, ANN on YouTube)
Newspapers and articles
TV shows that require concentration

Keep a dictionary handy and look up unfamiliar words as you read or listen. The more you expose yourself to real-world Japanese, the more comfortable you’ll become with kanji, grammar patterns, and idiomatic expressions.

Best JLPT textbooks

There are many great textbooks you can buy to prepare for the JLPT, ranging from those that cover a lot of test elements to specialized ones that cover only vocabulary.

Some of our top recommendations include:

1. Genki

Best for: Beginners (N5 – N4)

If you’re enrolled in a Japanese language class, chances are you’ll be using either Genki or Minna no Nihongo. Both offer a solid foundation in grammar, vocabulary, and kanji through clear explanations.

While it doesn’t specifically target JLPT N5 or N4, its content closely aligns with what you’ll need to pass those levels.

2. Minna no Nihongo

Best for: Beginners (N5 – N4)

Another go-to for beginners, Minna no Nihongo is used by a lot of language schools in Japan. It’s more grammar-focused than Genki and written mostly in Japanese, which really helps with immersion.

It does come with a translation and grammar guide in your language, so you won’t get lost.

3. Try! Japanese Language Proficiency Test

Best for: All levels

The Try! series is a favorite among JLPT test-takers because it’s made specifically for each JLPT level. It walks you through grammar with clear explanations, real-life example sentences, and practice questions that feel just like the actual test.

What’s great is how it breaks things down into three simple steps: first, you see how grammar is used in real conversations, then you get to practice the basics, and finally, you apply what you’ve learned through listening and reading exercises. Each book also comes with an audio CD and a separate answer booklet!

4. Shin Kanzen Master

Best for: Intermediate to advanced (N3 – N1)

The Shin Kanzen Master series is one of the most thorough JLPT prep resources out there for serious learners aiming for a high score on N2 or N1.

Each book focuses on a specific section of the test: grammar, vocabulary, reading, or listening, and goes into impressive detail. The vocabulary book, for example, is split into two parts: the first helps you learn words based on themes and everyday situations, while the second breaks them down by part of speech and usage.

There’s also a mock test section so you can get a feel for the real exam.

5. Tango Vocabulary Series

Best for: Vocabulary practice for all levels

This compact, almost pocket-sized vocabulary book comes with a red plastic sheet that lets you hide the Japanese vocabulary for self-review.

Each book is tailored to a specific JLPT level and organizes vocabulary by theme, like hobbies, family, and adverbs. It’s especially great for building a daily study habit and perfect for learners who want quick, portable practice sessions on the go.

6. Nihongo So Matome

Best for: N3–N1 prep with lighter content

This series is designed to be completed in a short time (around 6 weeks per book). It’s great for learners who prefer visual aids and concise explanations. It’s not as in-depth as Shin Kanzen Master, but it’s great for reinforcing key concepts efficiently.

Of course, there are other great textbooks! We’ve made a full coverage of the best JLPT textbooks you can get based on each level:

How to register for the JLPT

If you’re planning to take the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT), it’s important to know when and how to register. The registration period opens a few months before the exam date, but the exact timing depends on where you plan to take the test.

In Japan:

For the July exam, registration usually opens around mid-March.
For the December exam, registration starts around mid-August.

Outside Japan:

For the July exam, registration is typically open from March to April.
For the December exam, registration usually runs from August to September.

Since these dates can vary by location, the best way to stay updated is visiting the official JLPT website.

How to register for the JLPT:

Create a MyJLPT account: This online account is your portal to managing your test registration and viewing your results later on.
Complete the online application: Fill out your personal details, choose your test level, and select your test location.
Make your payment: Test fees are generally around 5,500 yen but can vary by country and test center. Your registration isn’t complete until payment is confirmed.

Test seats can fill up fast, especially in popular locations. Make sure to register as soon as the application window opens to secure your spot.

Find Out More: How to Register for The JLPT

How to find your test results

Your JLPT results will be available online approximately two months after your test date. You can check them by logging into your MyJLPT account, where you’ll get instant access to your scores.

For those residing in Japan, the official physical certificate will be mailed to your registered address on a scheduled date. Once you receive it, you can also request an official transcript, which can be sent out right away.

If you need your results urgently, you may apply for express delivery of your transcript.

Want a detailed, step-by-step breakdown? Check out our full blog post on how to view your JLPT results!

Find Out More: How to Find Your JLPT Test Results

Tips for taking the test

We already have a dedicated blog post with practical tips for test day (check it out!), but here are some essential reminders to keep in mind before and during the exam:

1. Bring an analog watch

Sometimes the wall clock is behind you or in a hard-to-see spot. Having your own watch helps you manage time without looking suspicious. Just make sure it’s not a smartwatch, as those are strictly prohibited.

2. Pack extra supplies

Bring multiple sharpened pencils and an extra eraser — better safe than sorry! You don’t want to be stuck with a broken pencil halfway through a timed section.

3. Answer every question

There’s no penalty for wrong answers, so make sure you fill in something for every question, especially if time is running out. Guessing is better than leaving anything blank — you’ve got nothing to lose!

4. Arrive early

It might sound obvious, but make sure to get to the test center at least 30–45 minutes before the exam starts. This buffer time allows you to check in, find your seat, and mentally prepare without feeling rushed. It’s also a great time to visit the restroom — while there are breaks between test sections, you can expect long lines, so going beforehand can save you unnecessary stress.

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What is the JLPT?

The Japanese-Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) is a standardized exam that measures and certifies your Japanese language ability. It has five levels: N5 (beginner) to N1 (advanced).

When is the JLPT held?

The JLPT is offered twice a year, typically in July and December. In some countries, it may only be available once a year, so check the official JLPT website or your local test center.

Where can I take the JLPT?

The JLPT is administered in over 90 countries and regions worldwide. Most major cities have test centers. You can find the full list of test locations on the official JLPT website.

How much does the JLPT cost?

The test fee is generally around 5,500 yen (approximately $50 USD), but fees may vary depending on the country or test site.

What is the passing score for the JLPT?

Passing requires meeting both the overall score and minimum sectional score requirements. Each level has different passing criteria, but generally, you need around 60% overall and a minimum score in each section.

Can I take the JLPT multiple times?

Yes, you can take the JLPT as many times as you want. Many learners retake the exam to improve their scores or advance to higher levels.

Can I pass JLPT N5 in 3 months?

If you study intensively and daily, you might be able to pass JLPT N5 within 3 – 6 months.

The easiest way to say “no” in Japanese is by saying “いいえ (iie),” but in actuality, it is not always that simple. Japanese people will rarely give a direct “no” as an answer, preferring instead to communicate indirectly a message that conveys so.

Japanese culture and the language itself has developed to prioritize politeness as a way to maintain peace and cooperation. Because of this, people often communicate indirectly. Saying “no” directly can feel too harsh or disruptive in a society that highly values harmony. That’s why Japanese speakers usually choose their words very carefully, especially in business or formal situations.

So, what are the different ways you can say “no” in Japanese? Let’s continue reading to find out!

How Do You Say No In Japanese?

The exact word and textbook translation for no in Japanese is “いいえ (iie).” In more causal settings, you might also say “ううん (uun)”.

The term いいえ is considered more respectful and won’t sound so harsh. ううん is something you would say with friends or people you’re familiar with. However, Japanese language actually has a wide range of expressions to avoid using a strong no.
For example, they could say chotto that conveys the difficulty of answering a request.

A: Why don’t we drink together tomorrow?「明日一緒に飲みませんか?」Ashita, isshyo ni nomimasen ka?

B: I am sorry, tomorrow. I have some errands…「ごめんなさい、明日はちょっと用事があって・・・」Gomennasai, ashita wa chotto youji ga atte…

Perhaps the best way to interpret no in Japanese is to understand the different levels. We have divided them into four groups, starting from definite expressions to the grey and ambiguous expressions that you have to read in between the lines.

How To Say No In Japanese Around Friends & Colleagues

There are three expressions typically used by friends and close colleagues when it comes to expressing refusal: むり, ダメ and できない. These are ideal for more casual situations.

無理(むり) – (Muri)- Impossible
ダメ – (Dame)- No good
出来(でき)ない – (Dekinai)- Cannot

1. 無理 (muri)

Translation: Impossible

The word むり (muri) literally means “impossible.” For example, if your friend asks if you can get to their house in 5 minutes but they live an hour away, you can say むり.

In English, this is like saying “no way” or “that’s impossible.”

2. ダメ (dame)

Translation: Not good

ダメ is usually translated into English as “no good”, “not allowed”, or “cannot”. It can be used in a variety of situations including saying “no” more directly in Japanese such as:

A: Is it okay if I eat in your room? 「あなたの部屋(へや)にたべてもいいですか？」anatono heya ni tabetemo iidesuka?

B: No, you may not. 「だめです。」damedesu.

3. できない (dekinai)

Translation: Cannot

できない is less definite. The word shows the speaker’s regret that the circumstances would not allow acting in accordance with one’s request. Always keep in mind, these expressions are rarely if ever heard as a response to a request in business-related situations.

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How To Say No In Japanese For A Business Context

Saying “no” in Japanese when you are speaking with a client or company partner is even more tricky. In general, people can use these three expressions:

厳(きび)しい – (Kibishii)- Hard (conditions)
難(むずか)しい – (Muzukashii)- Difficult
大変(たいへん) – (Taihen)- Hard (task)

These expressions seem to have similar translations in English but each carry different nuances.

1. 厳しい(kibishii) & 難しい(muzukashii)

Translation: Strict and difficult

Saying 難しい (muzukashii) in response to a request is essentially an indirect and polite way to say no in Japanese. 厳しい(Kibishii) also serves a similar role to muzukashii when wanting to say no indirectly.

2. 大変 (taihen)

Translation: Tough, difficult, hard

たいへん (taihen), on the other hand, refers to a suggestion or request that is not easy because of a situation’s complexity. The word has similar meaning to むずかしい (muzukashii), but is often used for situations or experiences rather than just problems.

The term たいへん can be subjective and creates ambiguity amongst the parties involved in various business relations.

Speaking Japanese in a formal capacity can seem overwhelming and full of nuances to be aware of. So, read our Introduction to Japanese Keigo to overcome that fear of speaking out of turn in delicate situations.

Other Ways To Indirectly Say No In Japanese

Other ways to say “no” in Japanese include:

微妙(びみょう) – (Bimiyoe)- Delicate (situation)
忙(いそが)しい – (Isogashii)- Too busy
結構(けっこう)です – (Kekkoedesu)- No thank you

These words tend to dwell in the grey areas of meaning and interpreting. Even native Japanese speakers could misinterpret the signals these words are meant to express. But it’s possible the ambiguity is intentional to avoid commitment or disrupting harmony when multiple parties are involved in the decision-making.

1. 微妙 (bimiyoe)

Translation: Subtle, delicate, tricky

びみょう expresses a borderline scenario where neither party can express certainty of what will play out. Despite the underlying uncertainty hinted in びみょう, more often than not, the speaker means to decline.

2. 結構です (kekkou)

Translation: Enough

The Japanese expression けっこうです may be the greyest of these expressions. The term can have complete opposite meanings such as an affirmative “ok” or a negative “no thank you”.

3. 忙しい (isogashii)

Translation: Busy

Now, this brings us to いそがしい, typically used as an excuse to decline a request. Therefore, people usually take it as a decline to an invitation and don’t bother asking to reschedule despite いそがしい literally meaning “busy”.

Showing Uncertainty To Indirectly Say No In Japanese

…かもしれません / かもしれない / かも – (…kamo shiremasen)- Perhaps
多分(たぶん) – (tabun)- Maybe or probably
臨機応変 [りんきおうへん] に対応 [たいおう] する – (rinkiouhen ni taio suru)- Depends

If you thought, there weren’t enough ambiguous expressions for saying no in Japanese, above are a few more. However, these terms leave potential for an affirmative response. Initially, when someone uses these expressions, it may seem they are denying your request, however, they are actually expressing uncertainty of the current circumstances which could change in the future.

1. かもしれません / かもしれない / かも (kamoshiremasen / kamoshirenai / kamo)

Translation: Maybe, might, possibly

かもしれません and all of its variations communicates a certain level of uncertainty like saying “maybe” or “perhaps”. This expression is more of a clause that attaches to verbs or nouns. So, if you want to say “I probably can’t make it” you would attach かもしれない to いけない by saying “いけないかもしれない”. This expresses a higher probability that you can’t make it while being open to the possibly that you can.

In the video above, Yuka-sensei will introduce you a more in-depth explanation on how to use かもしれない!

2. 多分 (tabun)

Translation: Maybe

たぶん is similar to かもしれない since it also conveys uncertainty. The difference here is that 多分 doesn’t attach to other words and can be used more flexibly. Below could be some instances of how to use たぶん:

Using Tabun When Refusing,

A: Can you make it? いけますか？ ikemasuka?

B: Maybe, I cannot. 多分、いけません。tabun, ikemasen.

Using Tabun When Affirming,

A: Is that a dog? 「それはいぬですか？」 sore wa inu desu ka

B: I think so. 「多分そうでしょう。」tabun soudeshou

3. 臨機応変に対応する(rinkiouhen ni taiyou suru)

Translation: Let’s play it by the ear

The expression, “りんきおうへんにたいおうする” is similar to the English expression: let’s play it by ear. This expression is often used to postpone difficult decisions at business meetings when the voting is not unanimous.

Closing Thoughts On Saying No In Japanese

As you can see, saying “no” in Japanese is a tricky ordeal: ambiguous and subject to lots of interpretation (and misinterpretation). Due to Japanese culture’s emphasis on politeness and avoidance of offending the other party, indirect and high context expressions became prevalent in the language.

So, that is why saying “no” in Japanese is more indirect and ambiguous. Navigating these social norms may seem overwhelming at first but with just a bit of practice you’ll start to develop a sense of how to communicate “no” in Japanese very comfortably.

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What is the word for "No" in Japanese?

The direct translation for “no” in Japanese is 「いいえ」(iie). But there are many ways one can say “no” especially to be more polite in more formal or delicate situations.

What is a polite way to say "no" in Japanese?

There are many ways to say “no” politely in Japanese, such as simply saying “chotto” which implies the request is a bit difficult to fulfill.

In a situation when denying someone kindly offering something like a food or drink, you could say “kekkou desu” or even “daijoubu desu”. In a more formal context, saying “kibishii” or “muzukashii” would be a polite way of saying “no”.

Do Japanese People Never Say "No"? Do they say something else instead?

Japanese do say “no” but tend to do so in more indirect ways to avoid conflict. They don’t want to seem rude or outright decline someone. So, a few common phrases instead of a direct “no” include,

結構です (kekkou desu): It’s okay or I’m fine
厳しい (kibishii): tough/difficult situation
忙しい (isogashii): I’m busy

Do you know how to say “yes” beyond “hai” in Japanese, learn different expressions for “yes” with our blog: How to Say Yes in Japanese: 10 Essential Ways with Examples!

When learning Japanese, “Yes” (はい – hai) and “No” (いいえ – iie) are among the first words you encounter. However, just like in English, there are many ways to say “yes” in Japanese, each with different levels of formality and nuances. If you want to build a strong foundation in everyday Japanese, check out 48 Useful and Basic Japanese Phrases You Need to Know Before Coming to Japan.

In this guide, we’ll explore the most common ways to say yes in Japanese, their meanings, and when to use them.

1.はい (Hai) – The Standard Japanese Yes

Usage: はい is interchangeable with the English word “yes”. It shows a positive agreement to the question asked. It’s commonly used in formal and neutral situations and conveys a clear agreement.

Example:

Q: 佐藤さんは先生ですか。

(Satou san wa sensei desuka)

Is Mr. Sato a teacher？

A: はい, 佐藤さんは先生です。

(Hai, Satou san wa sensei desu)

Yes. Mr. Satou is a teacher

2.ええ (Ee) – A Less Formal Yes

It expresses agreement and can also serve as a brief response to keep the conversation flowing. Polite yet more relaxed than hai, it is commonly used in everyday interactions.

Q: いい財布ですね

(ii saifu desune)

Such a nice wallet

A: ええ, 兄が買ってくれたのです

(Ee, ani ga kattekuretanodesu)

yes, my brother bought for me.

3.うん (Un) – A Casual Yes

Usage: うん is a casual expression, it is the most casual way of saying yes. It’s commonly used among close friends, family members, or when speaking with people of the same or lower status.

This expression can only be used when talking to someone you are close to. Use はい when talking to strangers or someone who outranks you.

Example:

Q: もうお昼食べた？

(Mou ohiru tabeta?)

have you had lunch already?

A: うん, 食べたよ

(Un, Tabetayo.)

yeah, I have.

🚨 Note: Avoid using うん (un) in formal situations, such as at work or when speaking to elders. Use はい (hai) instead.

4.そうですね (Soudesune) – Agreeing Thoughtfully

Usage: そうですね is used to express agreement in a thoughtful or reflective manner. It can also serve as a filler phrase when you need time to think.

Examples:

Expressing Agreement:

Q: 昨日は寒かったですね

(Kinou wa samukatta desune)

Yesterday was really cold, wasn’t it?

A: そうですね

(Soudesune)

yes, it was really cold.

Buying Time to Think:

Q: 新しい元号についてどうおもいますか?

(Atarashii gengou ni tsuite dou omoimasu ka?)

How do you think of the new era name?

A: そうですね, とてもいいと思います

Totemo ii to omoimasu

I think it is great.

5. そうそう (Sou sou) – Yes, that’s right!

Usage: This phrase is used for enthusiastic agreement or to confirm something strongly. It often carries a sense of excitement or reassurance.

Example:
Q: つまり、このボタンを押せばいいんですね？

(Tsumari, kono botan o oseba ii n desu ne?)
So, I just need to press this button, right?

A: そうそう！

(Sou sou!)
Yes, exactly!

6. えええ (Eee…) – A Hesitant Yes

Usage: Used when agreeing but with some hesitation or uncertainty. This expression is often used when the speaker is unsure, thinking, or reluctant to give a direct answer.

Example:
Q: 来週の会議に出席できますか？

(Raishuu no kaigi ni shusseki dekimasu ka?)
Can you attend next week’s meeting?

A: えええ… たぶんできます。

(Eee… tabun dekimasu.)
Uh… probably, yes.

7. その通り (Sono tōri) – Exactly!

Usage: A more formal and precise way to confirm something. This expression is often used in discussions or debates where you strongly agree with a point.

Example:
Q: 君はとても努力家ですね。

(Kimi wa totemo doryokuka desu ne.)

You’re a really hard-working person.

A: その通りです！

(Sono tōri desu!)
That’s exactly right!

8: もちろん (Mochiron) – Of course

Usage: Used to say “yes” with certainty or enthusiasm. It emphasizes strong agreement or willingness.

Example:
Q: 手伝ってくれる？

(Tetsudatte kureru?)
Can you help me?

A: もちろん！

(Mochiron!)
Of course!

9. 分かりました (Wakarimashita) – I understand / Got it

Usage: Used to confirm understanding, often in a professional or educational setting. It signifies that you fully comprehend what has been said.

Example:
Q: 明日朝9時に会議があります。

(Ashita asa kuji ni kaigi ga arimasu.)
There’s a meeting tomorrow at 9 AM.

A: 分かりました！

(Wakarimashita!)
Got it!

10. 承知しました (Shouchi shimashita) – Understood (very formal)

Usage: A highly formal way to acknowledge instructions, often used in business and customer service interactions. If you want to master polite and formal Japanese, check out our guide on Japanese Keigo: A Guide to Formal Speech.

Example:
Q: 注文の変更をお願いします。

(Chuumon no henko o onegai shimasu.)
Can you change my order?

A: 承知しました。

(Shouchi shimashita.)
Noted.

🔍 Want to explore more about Japanese vocabulary? Check out Jisho.org to look up different expressions and their meanings in context!

Summary: Choosing the Right “Yes” word in Japanese

Expression	Formality	Common Usage
はい (Hai)	Formal/Neutral	General use, business, polite settings
ええ (Ee)	Semi-formal	Casual conversations, polite but relaxed
うん (Un)	Informal	Friends, family, informal chats
そうですね (Sou desu ne)	Neutral	Agreeing thoughtfully, buying time
そうそう (Sou sou)	Informal	Enthusiastic agreement, reassurance
えええ (Eee…)	Informal	Hesitant agreement, uncertainty
その通り (Sono tōri)	Formal	Strong agreement, debates, discussions
もちろん (Mochiron)	Casual/Neutral	Expressing certainty or enthusiasm
分かりました (Wakarimashita)	Formal	Confirming understanding
承知しました (Shouchi shimashita)	Very Formal	Business, customer service

These are some of the most common ways of saying yes in Japanese, do use them in suitable situations. You can also read other interesting articles written by us.

FAQ

What is the difference between はい (hai) and ええ (ee)?

Both mean “yes,” but はい (hai) is the standard and can be used in any situation, while ええ (ee) is slightly more casual and typically used in friendly but polite conversations.

When should I use うん (un) to say "yes"?

うん (un) is an informal way to say “yes,” similar to “yeah” in English. It should only be used in casual conversations with friends, family, or people of the same status. Avoid using it in formal situations or with superiors.

How do you express enthusiastic agreement in Japanese?

To express strong agreement, you can use:

もちろん (mochiron) – “Of course!”
そうそう (sou sou) – “Exactly!” or “That’s right!”

Are there Japanese expressions for "yes" that don’t directly translate to English?

Yes! Some expressions include:

そうですね (sou desu ne) – Can mean “that’s true” or be used as a thoughtful agreement.
その通り (sono tōri) – Means “exactly” or “that’s correct.”

How can I say "yes" while keeping a neutral tone in Japanese?

そうですね (sou desu ne) is commonly used to agree without sounding overly enthusiastic. It can also serve as a way to buy time while thinking about a response.

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If you live long enough in Japan, you might notice that Japanese work culture is different from its Western counterpart, such as the U.S. or European countries.

Maybe you’ve visited Japan before or had a blast studying abroad, so you decide you want to work in Japan as well. Before you start rushing to find a job here, being aware of specific cultural differences may help you adjust or even rethink if working here is right for you.

The good news is that Japan is hiring foreigners on a large scale, allowing for vast work opportunities. People from all over the globe are swarming to work here. Last year, the number of foreign workers in Japan amounted to a whopping 2.049 million. The first time in history to exceed 2 million. However, all that glitters may not be gold.

The work culture in Japan is very different from that in Western countries like America. These include employee-employer relationships, dress codes, colleagues’ behavior, and ethics at Japanese workplaces. Essentially, aspects of traditional Japanese culture persevered into the modern working environment, resulting in distinct expectations and norms from the West. As a result, it can be difficult for a foreigner to understand many of these social norms since they are not always visually observable and can be hidden in layers of context.

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Japanese Work Culture: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Work culture in Japan is almost that of legend, or rather infamy, where we hear that there is even a word for working yourself to death, known as karoshi (過労死). The general perception of the Japanese work environment is that it’s rigid, hierarchical, and unforgiving, with poor work-life balance. But how accurate is this perception, and how does that compare with Western work culture such as the U.S.?

Strong Work Commitment And Overwork

If there is a reputation that precedes the Japanese working population, it’s their strong work ethic. Punctuality and commitment to work are of utmost importance to Japanese work culture. Being on time means being at least 15 minutes early, and prioritizing work over family is an expectation. They start their day early and spend hours commuting. Working overtime is often a normal practice. In some sense, Japanese people view the workplace as their family. If a person works for long hours then it is seen as a sign of love toward his or her family.

In America, balancing work and life is given priority. About 72 percent of Americans consider work-life balance while looking for a job. Employees acknowledge that spending quality time with their loved ones is as essential as work. However, overtime and low work-life balance are pervasive issues in the U.S. Several surveys indicate that over 60% of Americans do not have a work-life balance. The surveys often cite working too many hours or working on vacation as reasons for the lack of balance. But how does Japan compare?

Karoshi (過労死)

How serious is the Karoshi issue for work culture in Japan? According to Nippon.com using data from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare (MHLW), the mental health issues related to work has increased from last year and the rate of self-harm and those taking their lives saw an increase as well. The number of people suffering from heart and brain health conditions related to work was 216, the highest rate in 4 years.

This is all linked to Japan having one of the highest rates of overtime in the world with very few employees actually taking their paid time off (PTO). You often hear that employees feel guilty to take time off or may even have their PTO requests rejected.

This paints a very grim picture of the current work situation in Japan. However, the nation is making efforts to improve the work culture. One initiative includes a 4 day work week policy that the Japanese government is attempting to encourage.

Workplace Formalities

In Japan, companies follow a quite strict formal dress code. Male employees wear charcoal grey, navy blue, or black suits along with a white shirt and subdued ties throughout the year. While female employees wear similar color blazers along with trousers, skirts, heels, and tied-up ponytails. Standing out or wearing bright colors is a slight no-no at the offices in Japan.

This contrasts with most companies in the west, like America, where there tends to be more flexibility as employees are free to wear casual at work. Mostly, suits are worn whenever there is a business meeting or presentation.

Overall, the work culture in Japan is more formal than in the US. Best practice is to use formal language and show greater respect to your boss and seniors (or senpai). An essential aspect of Japanese culture is treating anyone older, more experienced, or in a higher social position with the utmost respect, as they can impart their knowledge to you.

It was once normal to refrain from leaving the workplace before your boss or seniors, but this is largely being phased out. However, the pressure to not say ‘no’ to your seniors, especially to after-work drinking called nomikai (飲み会), is still rather prevalent. Even when drinking, it is essential to maintain proper manners to your boss and senior colleagues, such as serving them drinks before yourself.

Generalists Over Specialists

The Japanese workplaces focus on the group. During the hiring process, a lot of companies give less priority to skill sets and specialization. Instead, they want to evaluate the cultural fit of the candidates. This is because Japanese companies want employees that can perform well in a group for a good amount of time. They don’t have a firing culture. Employees work at companies for a very long period. In fact, Japan is known for its lifetime employment system.

On the other hand, American companies look for candidates who have specialization as well as the right skills for the job. They follow a system of ‘structural individualism’ wherein the main focus is on the individual’s career. That’s why switching companies for better opportunities or strategic job hopping is a common practice in the US. However, this should not be mistaken for the absence of teamwork. Individual employees do participate in group projects from time to time.

Rigid Top-down Hierarchy in Japanese companies

Employees must report to their seniors, inform the seniors about the latest developments, and consult seniors for work advice. Employees are not free to make decisions. They have to approve everything from their superiors, even the small things. This is called ho-ren-so (ほれんそう), which means “spinach” in the Japanese language but is actually an abbreviation for:

報告 Hokoku (to report)
連絡 Renraku (to inform)
相談 Sodan (to consult)

In contrast to this, American organizations tend to decentralize authority and decision-making. Every employee gets to make his or her decisions that could help the business to grow. Of course, employees go to their seniors for professional advice now and then. Ultimately, this comes back to how Western-style organizations tend to hire specialists who already have the skills, whereas Japanese companies hire generalists that they can train. This is what necessitates the hierarchy in Japanese companies that rely on seniors to train juniors. Since professionals who don’t need to be trained are often hired in Western organizations, they rely less on the company and are more willing to leave. As a result, western companies tend to have a more individualistic atmosphere.

Risk Adversity

People have a conservative mindset in Japanese corporations. Employees avoid taking risks unless they are 100 percent sure about the outcomes. They usually go along with safer old ideas which are already tried and tested.

On the flip side, western businesses tend to take more risks and are much more open to trying something fresh. American employees don’t hesitate as much to take risks even if they are not certain about the results. Americans are more likely to invest in disruptive startups, projects ,and technologies. However, the drawback of taking more risks means that American companies might suffer more losses. Although America is often characterized as a land of risk-takers, many companies are adverse to risk. So, conservative sentiments towards risk are not uncommon in the states either.

Close relationships with colleagues

Work culture in Japan is not just about working on and off. When employees are at work, they only work. However, once the work hours end, employees go out to socialize with one another. They usually hang out at karaoke or restaurants for nomikai, which is a Japanese word for a drinking party. With everyone seated around one big table, co-workers are expected to drink, share meals and interact with each other. Nomikai has all different kinds. It even exists outside the work circle in Japan. Joining such parties is considered socially appropriate. Still, they are completely optional and anyone can skip them if they want.

In America, there are no social norms for socializing or bonding after work. American employees are already familiar with their co-workers due to their informal working environment. Thus, they largely don’t need to set separate times to get to know one another. This gives them more space for their personal life.

Prioritizing harmony over conflict

The Japanese way of communicating is quite indirect. Japanese people are usually accustomed to observing and absorbing knowledge thoroughly. Due to this, asking questions is sometimes considered rude by society. As a result, you will rarely see anyone raising their hands with queries in mind by the end of business meetings or presentations. Even if they didn’t understand anything, people will tend to avoid asking it because of this stigma.

Meanwhile, in America, questions come and go anytime. There are no social barriers and clearing doubts is a normal thing. The American work culture is more straightforward in these aspects.

Picture displaying the daily Japanese work culture in a typical office with employees sitting at their desks — Image from Noahpinion

Common Business Etiquettes in Japanese Work Culture

Social interactions in Japanese work culture can be confusing. Japan has unique business manners and etiquette that differ from western standards. To avoid cultural shock, it’s best if you know them firsthand. In Japan, there are quite a several do’s and don’ts that business professionals are required to keep in mind. Here’s a crisp list of the few most important etiquettes that you need to catch sight of.

1. Bowing to Clients Till The Elevator Door Closes

Whenever you have visitor clients at the office, it is expected to accompany them to the front door. If your office is at a high-rise building then seeing off the visitors to the front door may seem too much. In that case, you should escort visitors to the elevator. Once they get on the elevator, you should bow till the gates close.

2. Removing Coats Before Entering Office

In winter, you will see employees taking off their coats and folding them over their arms before entering the office buildings. They don’t do so inside building hallways because it might disturb other people.

3. Business Card Etiquette

Japanese business culture is very polite and respectful. Whenever there is an exchange of business cards during meetings, they are done gracefully like a ritual. The first person holds the card with both hands while facing the other person. Then he bows while offering the card and the other party also bows the same way and accepts the card.

4. Seat Arrangement Based On Rank

During business conferences or meetings, members are seated as per their position in the company. Leaders or seniors with more expertise get front seats. A similar seating arrangement is used in other places such as colleges, trains, taxis and so on.

5. Customer is the God

You may have heard multiple times how the customer is the ‘king’ in the market. However, in Japan, the customer is not just regarded as the king but as a ‘god’ as well. Employees greet customers with care whenever they come and go. Their happiness is the number one priority of every business. They are handled with proper respect and offending them is out of option.

Fact vs. Fiction of Japanese Work Culture

Work culture in Japan is far from perfect, and there are many common notions across the globe, but how much holds true?

Work Environment and Labor Regulations In Japan

Despite the amount of overtime reported by the nation, labor law is quite strong and protects employees very well. It is for this reason that companies have a difficult time firing people in Japan. Additionally, labor law also takes precedence over any legally binding employee contract, but there are limitations. You should be careful of burakku kigyou (ブラック企業) or black companies which are infamous for trapping employees in exploitative contracts.

If you are having any issues regarding work, Japan has a variety of support services available. One place to contact or visit is FRESC which is a government organization that can assist with employment, unemployment, legal issues, etc., for foreigners living in Japan. They have an office in Shinjuku and usually have staff who can speak English. Hellowork is more available across Japan but generally only has Japanese speaking staff.

Times Are Changing For Work Culture In Japan

Amidst the influx of foreigners coming to work and offset the aging population, Japanese companies have already started embracing the change that comes with them. Aspects of traditional Japanese work culture that is difficult for foreigners to adjust to are shifting. Even the younger Japanese population is driving change in similar ways to foreigners since they are more likely to change companies in their careers and expect greater work-life balance. Japanese companies hiring lots of foreigners tend to be more flexible with PTO, less rigid about hierarchies and do not expect employees to stick around for life.

Although this may be the case with certain Japanese companies, Japan is a nation that likes to preserve traditions and is adverse to change. So, you can expect many companies may still be very conservative in certain expectations. However, as a foreigner, they likely won’t expect you to know every minute detail of proper Japanese manners so I wouldn’t sweat over it.

Most Common Jobs For Foreigners In Japan

The Japanese job market is vast and more open to foreigners than ever before. While many companies do not accept foreign employees, the amount that do is increasing year by year according the MHLW. This is great news for the increasing number foreign job seekers entering the Japanes workforce every year. But most foreigners from the west tend to work in certain industries. We’ll be covering a few positions, but for the full list of popular jobs for foreigners in Japan, head to this article.

Infographic showing employment of American workers in Japan

1. English Teacher

English teaching is the most common form of employment for many foreigners, or rather many foreigners get trapped in English teaching. Most can land a job teaching at cram schools and educational institutions by having a bachelor’s or associate’s degree of any kind. Many roles do not require any teaching certificates, so the barrier to entry is not too high. Based on the graph above, most Americans by far land jobs in the education sector, usually as English Teachers. If you enjoy and have a passion for teaching, Japan is one of the best places for employment. This is because the government is making drastic efforts to improve English literacy, so they are turning to foreigners to help bridge this gap.

2. IT Professional

If you have a background in development, design, data, or IT of any kind, Japan is fertile ground for employment. Currently, there is a huge demand for professionals with IT skills and Japanese abilities are oftentimes not necessary. On average, a tech professional or software engineer usually earns around ¥7.7 million per year.

3. Translator or Interpreter

It’s no surprise that translation or interpreter-related roles are also highly valued, but these roles are rather limited in comparison to the others mentioned. The job of a translator is pretty much versatile in Japan. Translators are required not only for English to Japanese translations but in many other languages as well. The gaming industry is one of the biggest sectors needing translators to overcome the language barrier. A good number of translators also do freelance assignments for brands, publishing houses, etc. The salary of a translator can vary depending on the skill level. Usually, the average translator makes about ¥3 million in a year.

4. Engineer

In the utopia of advanced technology, Japan undoubtedly stands as a key player. From manufacturing world-class automobiles to electronics, there’s so much to this country. It’s thriving and full of prospects. Companies dealing in cars or electronic items regularly have openings for engineers with excellent pay. An average engineer receives a salary of ¥7 million per year. Check out some of the best IT job sites in Japan.

Brush Up on Your Business in Japanese

To truly adapt to work culture in Japan, your polite business Japanese must be sharp so you can mesh with your teams. Being able to speak business Japanese and practice proper business etiquette will definitely enhance your hire-ability. The sad truth is that passing certain levels of the JLPT is never enough for this.

To heighten your Japanese abilities, taking up business Japanese courses while working in Japan is very effective. Coto Japanese Academy offers business Japanese courses covering every aspect of business Japanese. If you wish to learn Japanese in Tokyo, check out our various Japanese courses!

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FAQ

What are the similarities between workplaces in Japan and America?

Japan and America have a couple of similarities as well. Both countries have very long work weeks. Japanese people are extremely hardworking and working overtime is not something strange to them. There is even an odd phenomenon known as Karoshi where people die due to overwork. Similarly, Americans spend most of their time at work and face similar experiences.

In both countries, employees prefer to take shorter vacations or time off from work. Japanese employees feel guilty when they don’t work. Just like that, most American employees stay devoted to their jobs.

How to overcome cultural differences while working in Japan?

Working in Japan can be an overwhelming experience. The cultural shock is quite strong when you first arrive. But it’s only a matter of time. You need to be patient, and observant, and try your best in meeting the expectations. Make friends because having good companions will help you in your lonesome moments. Keep navigating your way, you will eventually find yourself overcoming the cultural barrier.

Do Japanese companies hesitate to offer jobs to foreigners?

Some Japanese companies hesitate to offer jobs to foreigners. That is primarily because there is a vast difference between Japanese work culture and American or European work culture. They know very well that fitting into the Japanese environment will take time. Thus, Japanese companies prefer to recruit either local candidates or foreigners who are already stationed in Japan.

What are the perks of working in Japan?

There are several mandatory benefits provided to employees in Japan. These includes:

Dietary assistance
Pensions (for old age, disability, and survivors)
Maternity leaves up to 14 weeks
Paid leaves (at least 5 days a year)
Insurance and compensations

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Why did the term senpai become so popular outside of Japan?

Most people who have never stepped foot in Japan let alone studied Japanese, are well aware of the word Senpai/Sempai (先輩). You have probably seen variations of “I hope senpai will notice me” across the internet. This line doesn’t come from any specific anime or manga; rather, it was picked up by users on social media or fan blogs to play on tropes of romance between senpai and kohai (後輩).

Image of the popular internet meme, "notice me senpai" with a seal — Image from Make Better Memes!

So, this internet trend shows that many non-Japanese speakers understand that senpai means superior or senior. However, the internet meme also implies that a kohai has a romantic infatuation for their sempai. Due to them seeming more experienced and mature, a power asymmetry is created that the kohai must overcome, driving them to ask or hope for the senpai’s attention. This type of Senpai/Kohai dynamic is popular in certain Japanese anime and pop culture.

I would argue that similar tropes are popular in other nations, such as the United States, since crushing on someone who is a grade level above is not uncommon. But, equivalent terms like senior or superior are not common in English, especially as a way to address someone. This is likely why the word, Senpai, caught on since it’s much more frequent, and you could actually call someone Sempai. However, the term is not inherently romantic.

What Is The True Meaning of Senpai and Kohai?

Senpai (先輩)

The word has a bit of nuance since it’s used in different social contexts. But breaking down 先輩, 先(sen) means before, prior, or former. Thus, the word mainly refers to someone who is:

Older, more experienced, in a higher social position, etc., regardless of age.
Have entered the same school or workplace earlier (and there is a culture of approaching them with polite manners and speech).

Daisenpai (大先輩)

Daisenpai is used for those who are much older, have a lot more experience, or are significantly more senior. It is sometimes used to describe someone who is an alumni of your school or university. This term is not as common, and you never use it in the 2nd person, unlike sempai.

Kohai (後輩)

後(ko) in the word 後輩, kohai, means ‘after’. Thus, the word refers to those ‘who come after’ the senpai in any given situation. The word refers to the following:

People who are younger, less experienced, or in a lower social position in relation to the senpai.
It is not really used to address someone but rather as a way of describing someone, for example, 「たけしは私の後輩です。」“Takeshi is my kohai.”

When Is The Word Senpai Used In Japan?

School Environment

Generally speaking, senpai is not used until junior high school to address classmates who are in higher grade levels. Oftentimes, there is a senpai/kohai tension where the kohai must maintain optics of their senpai and be on their best behavior whenever they are around. This is mostly the case for both junior high and high schools, but the relationship is at its strictest in club activities.

Bukatsu (部活)

In Bukatsu or school extracurricular clubs/circles, such as baseball, basketball, soccer, Kendo, and so on, the hierarchical relationship between kohai and senpai can be at its most rigid. Ordinarily, members who have joined earlier are considered senpai, regardless of skill level. Kohai must give their utmost respect and may even need to address them as Senpai, either alone or with their last name, like “Yoshida-senpai,” for instance.

Certain clubs may have stricter customs regarding activities kohai must do for the club and their senpais, such as having to clean before and after club activities. It is also customary for kohai to use 敬語(keigo) with their sempai.

Work Environment

Once you become a working adult, senpai takes on a role more about looking after their juniors, and the relationship isn’t as rigid as it was for students. When called “senpai,” many people feel a sense of responsibility to raise and look after their kohai.

However, it is possible for 2 people working at the same company to both consider each other as senpai. In many cases, this is because one started working at the company first, while the other is older in age. But age is less of a factor in who is a senpai in this day and age.

Traditionally, Japanese employees stay in one company their whole career. So, when you join as a 新卒 (shinsotsu), or newly graduated hire, you would be the youngest in the company. Promotions were given the longer you stay rather than for individual accomplishments. As a result, senpai’s were almost always older and stayed in the company longer. But, as work attitudes change, the age and social dynamics reshape as well. Now it’s not uncommon for younger but more experienced employees to be working at the same company as someone who is older.

In the current work culture, experience in the company or industry is what determines a senpai rather than age. Unlike school, you also don’t often address someone as sempai; it’s more common to use it when speaking about them to someone else. Overall, companies are getting even more relaxed about hierarchies and are even adopting flatter structures. So, in more and more companies in Japan, the necessity of who is your senpai is less of a concern.

Other Circumstances

Senpai and kohai relationships do exist outside of work or school since the word can describe anyone who is more senior in virtually any field. Certain activities, such as martial arts, may require you to be aware of who your sempai is. Most Japanese martial arts use a belt ranking structure. This creates a very easy-to-understand system where the person whose belt is higher would be your sempai. Within the higher ranks, the concept of senpai/kohai is not too important, but you should respect those with more experience.

You wouldn’t ever need to call someone sempai but you would treat them with higher regard by using more respectful language and listening diligently to their advice. Like work, the concept of senpai is not so rigid and their role is more about guiding their less experienced kohai.

Illustration of the relationships between Boss, Senpai, and Kōhai

How to Use the Term “Senpai” in Japanese

Calling Someone “Senpai”

As mentioned, there are two ways to call somebody “senpai.” The first is to attach the person’s name before 「先輩」 “senpai,” as with 「吉田先輩」 “Yoshida-sempai.” For working adults, it’s also common to attach “san” after someone’s name, as with 「吉田さん」 “Yoshida-san.”

The second way is to directly refer to someone as “sempai” without attaching their name. What’s important to pay attention to is not just what you call someone but also expressing respect toward them.

There isn’t a need to use honorific language, but it’s wise to at least use polite forms such as 「です」 “desu” and 「ます」 “masu.” If you do so, your senpai will be happy to teach you about the job.

Read here to learn how to use San, Sama, Kun etc.

However, there are some people whose relationship with their seniors is more so as “coworkers,” even if they call them “sempai” as a hierarchical formality. When compared with the boss, it’s a much closer relationship. Sempai might be seen as warm and encouraging, especially when your boss is giving you a hard time.

Describing Someone as Senpai or Kohai

Most of the time, sempai is used to describe who someone is in relation to you. Such as saying:

山本さんは仕事の先輩で、はるとは後輩です。“Yamamoto-san is my senpai from work, and Haruto is my kohai”
チームの中には2人の先輩がいます。“My team has 2 senpais”

In Japanese, the word is pretty flexible (outside of school); you can use it as a descriptor for anyone who has more experience in any field. You can also refer to someone as sempai who has more industry experience 「マーケティング業界の先輩」“marketing industry senpai” even if you have been in the same company longer.

Final Thoughts – Do Japanese Use “Senpai” Often Anymore?

As a rigid term strictly used whenever you’re speaking or referring to someone who is senior to you, it is not common at all. However, more flexible and casual usage of the word is very common. You would often say it when you like to express respect to someone who has more experience than you. You could say, 「先輩なので、はやてさんから学びたいです。」” I would like to learn from you, Hayate, because you are my sempai”.

If you’re curious about how senpai is used in real dialogue or anime, and something doesn’t quite make sense, it’s easy to translate with tools like Quillbot a phrase or sentence to get a clearer feel for the nuance.

When it comes to work colleagues, though it could depend on the company, most people view each other as fellow coworkers, and maintaining a rigid senpai/kohai relationship is rarely observed. Even referring to other colleagues as sempai in the 3rd person is becoming less common. It is still a useful term and can be an easy and respectful way to describe people who have more experience than you.

Ready to Start Your Japanese Learning Journey?

So what’s next? Learn how to speak Japanese and go beyond just knowing how to use “senpai.” You might want to know more about how to form sentences or expand your vocabulary.

Kickstart your journey with Coto Academy, where fun, conversation-focused classes are designed for beginners. Choose from intensive, part-time, or online Japanese courses tailored to help you reach your goals faster!

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FAQ

What is the meaning of Senpai?

Senpai means senior or superior. It refers to someone who could be older, more experienced, or in a higher social position.

Does Senpai mean dad, father, or father figure?

No, senpai does not mean father nor imply any type of father figure dynamic. It does not inherently carry additional connotation beyond just senior or upperclassmen.

Can I call a girl Senpai? Is there a female version of senpai?

Yes, you can call or refer to females as senpai. The term senpai is not gendered.

Is it Senpai or Sensei?

Senpai is not the same as sensei. Sensei means “teacher,” while senpai means “senior”. In a school setting, senpai would be upperclassmen. In the workplace, they are colleagues who joined before you.

Is Senpai respectful?

Yes, the term is considered respectful and is used to express or acknowledge someone is older or more experienced. You often speak to someone who is your senpai with more respectful language in Japanese.