The JLPT N3 〜み (~mi) is a suffix that attaches to adjectives (mostly い-adjectives) and turns them into nouns. It’s similar to adding ~ness to an adjective in English (i.e., sweetness). However, there are some differences, the biggest being that nouns with 〜み express a quality or condition that cannot really be measured. They are often used to describe your feelings or what you can feel with your physical senses.
So this grammar is largely used for:
Expressing subjective ideas or feelings
Describing what you can feel with your senses, such as taste, hearing, smell, and touch.
Metaphorical language
Make Sure to Watch Coto Academy’s YouTube Video About 〜み
Before you continue reading, why not take a moment to watch a quick YouTube lesson with our Japanese teacher, Natsumi-sensei:
〜み (~Mi) Meaning
Adding 〜み (~mi) to an adjective expresses a subjective quality or state that can’t be measured objectively. It can describe emotional feelings, physical sensations, or ideas. For instance, adding 〜み to 甘い (amai) to make 甘み would transform the meaning from sweet to sweetness.
Let’s take a look at a few other examples:
旨い (umai): savory → 旨み (umami): savoriness
悲しい (kanashii): sad → 悲しみ (kanashimi): sadness
重い (omoi): heavy → 重み (omomi): weight
温かい (atatakai): warm → 温かみ (atatakami): warmth
So, 〜み (~mi) often means something similar to:
“the feeling of…”
“the sense of…”
“the ~ness of..”
Use as a Metaphor: While you can use 〜み to describe the quality or state of physical things, such as the warmth of coffee, you can also use it figuratively to describe the warmth of a person or the weight of a discussion.
Note that 〜み differs from ~ness in that it cannot be used to highlight varying degrees of something, such as degrees of warmth. 〜み describes felt qualities rather than measurable ones.
If you’re interested in learning more JLPT N3 grammar with native Japanese teachers, join fun, flexible lessons at Coto Academy, Tokyo and Yokohama’s no. 1 Japanese language school. Click the link below to take a free Japanese level check!
〜み is a suffix that attaches to the end of adjectives, mostly い-adjectives, but there are some な-adjectives it attaches to as well. For example, this is the structure for い-adjectives:
旨い ＋ み → 旨み (umami)
Type
Structure
い-Adjective
い-Adjective (drop い) + み
な-Adjective
な-Adjective + み
In terms of conjugating, since nouns formed with 〜み (~mi) just describe a state or felt qualities, you don’t directly conjugate the phrase. Instead, you can add verbs that you can conjugate, for example:
旨みがある (umami ga aru): has savoriness
旨みがない (umami ga nai): does not have savoriness
List of Common み Nouns
As mentioned earlier, adjectives that become み nouns are usually subjective and not easily quantifiable, which is why they are often used to express emotions. Many of these emotional adjectives also have corresponding verb forms ending in む. In fact, these み nouns are believed to have originated from the verb forms rather than directly from the adjectives.
Adjective
～み noun
Meaning
悲しい
悲しみ
sorrow
嬉しい
喜び
joy
苦しい
苦しみ
suffering
楽しい
楽しみ
pleasure / anticipation
悩ましい
悩み
worry
憎い
憎しみ
hatred
恨めしい
恨み
resentment
痛い
痛み
pain
深い
深み
depth
暗い
暗み
darkness
弱い
弱み
weakness
強い
強み
strength
JLPT N3 〜み (~mi) Example Sentences
Let’s explore a few examples to really get a feel for how the grammar, 〜み, works in actual Japanese conversation.
Example 1: 彼の話に深みを感じた。 Kare no hanashi ni fukami o kanjida. I felt depth in what he said.
Example 2: この料理は甘みがあって美味しい。 Kono ryouri wa amami ga atte oishii. This dish has a sweetness and is delicious.
Example 3: 彼女の声に悲しみがこもっていた。 Kanojono koe ni kanashimi ga komotte ita. Her voice was filled with sadness.
Example 4: 年を取って、考えに重みが出てきた。 Nen o totte, kangae ni omomi ga dete kita. As I’ve gotten older, my thinking has gained weight/depth.
Vocabulary List
Check out all the new words in the example sentences above, and try to remember new vocabulary alongside today’s Japanese grammar!
Kanji / Writing
Furigana
Romaji
English
話
はなし
hanashi
story; speech
深い
ふかい
fukai
deep
深み
ふかみ
fukami
depth; profundity
感じる
かんじる
kanjiru
to feel
料理
りょうり
ryouri
dish; cuisine
甘い
あまい
amai
sweet
甘み
あまみ
amami
sweetness
声
こえ
koe
voice
悲しい
かなしい
kanashii
sad
悲しみ
かなしみ
kanashimi
sadness
年を取る
としをとる
toshi o toru
to get older
重い
おもい
omoi
heavy
重み
おもみ
omomi
weight; significance
Learn More JLPT Grammar with Coto Academy!
Next time you speak Japanese, try using 〜み to describe something! This versatile phrase is very useful for everyday discussion. But if you want to practice using this JLPT grammar and many others in actual Japanese conversations, nothing beats practicing with a teacher who can offer practical guidance. So, consider signing up with us at Coto Academy!
Coto Academy has been offering Japanese classes for over 25 years, with campuses in Shibuya, Yokohama, Iidabashi, Minato, Shinjuku, and online. Our courses focus on practical Japanese, so the grammar you learn is designed for real-life use.
We offer part-time, intensive, and fully online lessons to suit your schedule. Start learning Japanese effectively and confidently with Coto Academy today!
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FAQ:
What does 〜み mean?
It turns an adjective into a noun expressing a felt quality or emotion, such as sweetness, sadness, or depth.
What is the difference between 〜み (~mi) and 〜さ(~sa)?
〜み (~mi) describes a subjective or emotional quality that you can feel, such as the sweetness you can taste or the depth you can feel. 〜さ (~sa), on the other hand, describes a more objective or measurable quality, such as the level of sweetness or the physical depth of something.
Can 〜み (~mi) be used with all adjectives?
〜み wouldn’t be used with all adjectives; only certain common adjectives naturally take 〜み. Many others may sound unnatural. 〜み is commonly used with い-adjectives compared to な-adjectives.
What are common mistakes learners make?
Some of the most common mistakes learners make when using this grammar include: using 〜み with any adjective, confusing it with 〜さ, and using it to describe numbers or measurements.
The JLPT N3 grammar 切る (kiru) means “to do completely” or “to do to the end”. It’s also a verb meaning “to cut,” but as a JLPT N3 grammar point, it’s a phrase that you can use to express a sense of completion or accomplishment. It generally refers to:
To do entirely
To complete
To finish
Make Sure to Watch Coto Academy’s YouTube Video About 〜切る
Before you continue reading, why not take a moment to watch a quick YouTube lesson with our Japanese teacher, Nami Sensei:
〜切る (~kiru) Meaning
〜切る (~kiru) means to do entirely, used to express when you do something until completion, until the end, or all the way, often with a sense of accomplishment or finality. However, you can also use it to say you finished something uncontrollably (like a book you couldn’t put down).
The phrase closely translates to:
To do something entirely
To complete something
To do something all the way
If you’re interested in learning more JLPT N3 grammar with native Japanese teachers, join fun, flexible lessons at Coto Academy, Tokyo and Yokohama’s no. 1 Japanese language school. Click the link below to take a free Japanese level check.
〜切る (~kiru) is a suffix that attaches to the end of verb stems after dropping ます (masu). You can only use it with verbs that express direct, controllable actions (i.e., reading a book, watching a movie, making food).
Generally, it is used at the end of a clause or phrase. The sentence form follows: ます form verb, ます + 切る／切ります Likewise, this can also be used in the negative: 切らない／切りません.
Type
Structure
Verb (ます form)
Verb (drop ます) + 切る
You can only attach a verb stem in plain form, without conjugating, to 切る. You conjugate 切る itself into positive, negative, past, and present:
Form
Plain Form + かける
Meaning
Present
読み切る
Reading to the end
Past
読み切った
Read until the end
Negative
読み切らない
Not reading until the end
Past Negative
読み切らなかった
Did not read until the end
How to Use the JLPT N3 Grammar Point: 〜切る (kiru)
Let’s look at how to use it by examining some examples!
Example 1 昨日買った本を1日で読み切りました。 kinou katta hon o ichinichi de yomi kirimashita. I read the book I bought yesterday in one day.
Example 2 たくさん注文したので、全部食べ切れませんでした！ Takusan chuumon shita no de, zenbu tabe kiremasen deshita! I ordered so much that I wasn’t able to eat it all!
In this example, the speaker couldn’t finish all of the ramen. So, we have to conjugate 〜切る into potential from: 切れる, as well as negative, which is 切れない or 切れません. So, the full sentence is 全部食べ切れませんでした。
Example 3: お金を全部使い切ってしまった。 Okane o zenbu tsukai kitte shimatta. I used up all my money.
Example 4: 彼は責任を持って仕事をやり切った。 Kare wa sekinin o motte shigoto o yari kitta. He completed the job responsibly.
Vocabulary List
Check out all the new words in the example sentences above, and try to remember new vocabulary alongside today’s Japanese grammar!
Kanji / Writing
Furigana
Romaji
English
昨日
きのう
kinou
yesterday
買う
かう
kau
to buy
本
ほん
hon
book
一日
いちにち
ichinichi
one day
読む
よむ
yomu
to read
読み切る
よみきる
yomikiru
to finish reading completely
注文する
ちゅうもんする
chuumon suru
to order
たくさん
たくさん
takusan
many; a lot
全部
ぜんぶ
zenbu
all
食べる
たべる
taberu
to eat
食べ切れる
たべきれる
tabekireru
to be able to finish eating
お金
おかね
okane
money
使う
つかう
tsukau
to use
使い切る
つかいきる
tsukaikiru
to use up completely
責任
せきにん
sekinin
responsibility
持つ
もつ
motsu
to have; to hold
仕事
しごと
shigoto
work
やり切る
やりきる
yarikiru
to carry through; to complete fully
Learn More JLPT Grammar with Coto Academy!
Try using 〜切る (~kiru) next time you speak Japanese! As you keep using it, it’ll naturally become a part of your vocabulary and be ingrained in your memory. So, if you practice using this JLPT grammar and many others in actual Japanese conversations, nothing beats practicing with a teacher who can offer practical guidance. Sign up with us at Coto Academy!
Coto Academy has been offering Japanese classes for over 25 years, with campuses in Shibuya, Yokohama, Iidabashi, Minato, Shinjuku, and online. Our courses focus on practical Japanese, so the grammar you learn is designed for real-life use.
We offer part-time, intensive, and fully online lessons to suit your schedule. Start learning Japanese effectively and confidently with Coto Academy today!
Why join Coto Academy?
Ready to get started? Fill out the form below to contact us!
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FAQ:
What does the JLPT N3 Grammar 〜切る (~kiru) mean?
It refers to completing something until the end or finishing something entirely. You usually use it to emphasize how you did something until the end.
What is the difference between 〜切る (~kiru) and 〜終わる (~owaru)?
Both seem to have similar meaning, but there is quite a difference in nuance. 〜切る emphasizes effort and completeness (doing something until the end). While 〜終わる is more neutral, just meaning “finish” or “done.” For example:
読み終わる → finished reading/done reading
読み切る → finished reading completely/reading until the end
Can 〜切る (~kiru) be used with any verb?
It would not be natural to use 〜切る with any verb, especially ones that are not deliberate actions that can be completed. For example, it would be unnatural to use it with 死ぬ (shinu), meaning “to die.”
What are common mistakes people make when using 〜切る (~kiru)?
Some common mistakes often include: confusing 〜切る (~kiru) with 〜かける (~kakeru), using it with actions that can’t be completed deliberately, and forgetting that it implies full completion.
The JLPT N3 grammar かける (kakeru) is a very useful expression to describe when you have started something but haven’t finished, or when you’re in the middle of something. The expression is mostly used to say:
Halfway through..
In the middle of..
Not yet finished
Make Sure to Watch Coto Academy’s YouTube Video About 〜かける
Before you continue reading, why not take a moment to watch a quick YouTube lesson with our Japanese teacher, Nami-sensei:
〜かける Meaning
〜かける (~kakeru) expresses an action that has been started but is not yet finished, or something that is in the middle of completion. You can use this phrase to describe how you are halfway through something or whenever you’re not done with something.
〜かける(~kakeru) attaches to the end of verb stems (dropping ます). You can only use it with verbs that express a direct action (i.e., reading a book, watching a movie, making food).
Type
Structure
Verb (ます form)
Verb (drop ます) + かける
You can only attach a verb stem in plain form, without conjugating, to かける. You conjugate かける itself into positive, negative, past, and present:
Form
Plain Form + かける
Meaning
Present
読みかける
In the middle of reading
Past
読みかけた
Was in the middle of reading
Negative
読みかけない
Does not start reading/does not leave it half done
Past Negative
読みかけなかった
Did not start reading
JLPT N3 〜かける (~Kakeru) Examples
Let’s take a look at a few example sentences to really get a feel of how to use 〜かける (~kakeru).
Example 1: 家を出かけたとき、雨が降り出した。 Ie o dekaketa toki, ame ga ori dashita. Just as I was about to leave the house, it started raining.
Example 2: 読みかけの本が机の上にある。 Yomi kake no hon ga tsukue no ue ni aru. There’s a book on the desk that I started reading but didn’t finish.
Example 3: 言いかけて、言葉を止めた。 Ii kakete, kotoba o tometa. I started to say something, then stopped.
Example 4: コーヒーを飲みかけのまま、出かけてしまった。 Koofii o nomi kakeno mama dekakete shimatta. I left without finishing my coffee.
Vocabulary List
Check out all the new words in the example sentences above, and try to remember new vocabulary alongside today’s Japanese grammar!
Kanji / Writing
Furigana
Romaji
English
家
いえ
ie
house
出かける
でかける
dekakeru
to go out
雨
あめ
ame
rain
降り出す
ふりだす
furidasu
to start falling
読む
よむ
yomu
to read
本
ほん
hon
book
机
つくえ
tsukue
desk
言う
いう
iu
to say
言葉
ことば
kotoba
words
止める
とめる
tomeru
to stop
飲む
のむ
nomu
to drink
出かける
でかける
dekakeru
to go out
Learn More JLPT Grammar with Coto Academy!
Try using the expression, 〜かける (~kakeru), as much as you can when speaking Japanese! The more you use it, the more it’ll stick and just become a natural way you express yourself. If you want to practice using this JLPT phrase and many more in real Japanese conversations, nothing beats practicing with a teacher who can offer practical guidance. Sign up with us at Coto Academy.
Coto Academy has been teaching Japanese for over 25 years, with campuses in Shibuya, Yokohama, Iidabashi, Minato, and Shinjuku. Our courses focus on practical Japanese, so the grammar you learn is designed for real-life use.
We offer part-time, intensive, and fully online lessons to suit your schedule. Start learning Japanese effectively and confidently with Coto Academy today!
Why join Coto Academy?
Over 60+ different Japanese classes over 18 levels
Small classroom of only up to 8 students for personalized support
Professional, native Japanese teachers
Ready to get started? Fill out the form below to contact us!
FAQ:
What does 〜かける (~kakeru) mean?
It indicates that an action is not completed, either because it was interrupted or was just about to happen.
Is 〜かける (~kakeru) used for the future or the past?
The expression can be used for both, describing something about to happen or something already started, but is unfinished.
Can 〜かける be used with all verbs?
Generally, かけ(kakeru) can only be used with intentional, controllable actions, not for indirect actions you have no control over.
The JLPT N3 grammar 〜がち (~gachi) is a phrase you can use to describe something that tends to happen easily or often, closely meaning “tend to,” “frequently,” or ”to do something easily.” The phrase is mostly used in a negative context. The most common situations you can use this phrase:
When you’re prone to doing something
When something is prone to happen
Something that happens often or easily
Make Sure to Watch Coto Academy’s YouTube Video About 〜がち
Before you continue reading, why not take a moment to watch a quick YouTube lesson with our Japanese teacher, Natsumi-sensei.
〜がち (~Gachi) Meaning
The phrase ~gachi most closely translates to “tendency to” or “prone to.” It often has a bit of a negative connotation, somewhat referring to a bad habit or a recurring situation that might be happening beyond your control. It generally doesn’t sound natural to use this phrase in a positive connotation.
〜がち (~gachi) is a suffix that attaches to the end of verbs or nouns. You often place it at the end of words.
Type
Structure
Verb (ます form)
Verb (drop ます) + がち
Noun
Noun + がち
You can only use gachi in the plain verb form, which is just dropping 〜ます (masu) and adding がち (gachi) without conjugating the verb. But, you can conjugate 〜がち (~gachi) itself based on past, present, positive, or negative:
Form
Plain Form + がち
Meaning
Present
雨が降りがち
Tends to rain
Past
雨が降りがちだった
It did tend to rain
Negative
雨が降りがちではない
Doesn’t tend to rain
Past Negative
雨が降りがちではなかった
Did not tend to rain
JLPT N3 〜がち (~Gachi) Examples
Let’s take a look at a few example sentences to really get a feel of how to use ~gachi.
Example 1: 雨の日は気分が落ち込みがちだ。 Ame no hi wa kibun ga ochikomi gachi da. On rainy days, I tend to feel down.
Example 2: 彼は忙しくて、連絡を忘れがちです。 Kare wa isogashikute, renraku o wasuregachi desu. He’s busy and tends to forget to get in touch.
Example 3: 在宅勤務だと、運動不足になりがちだ。 Zaitaku kinmuda to, undo fusoku ni narigachi da. When working from home, you’re prone to not getting enough exercise.
Example 4: 子どもは新しい環境で緊張しがちだ。 Kodomo wa atarashii kankyou de kinchou shigachi da. Children tend to get nervous in new environments.
Vocabulary List
Check out all the new words in the example sentences above, and try to remember new vocabulary alongside today’s Japanese grammar!
Kanji / Writing
Furigana
Romaji
English
雨の日
あめのひ
ame no hi
rainy day
気分
きぶん
kibun
mood
落ち込む
おちこむ
ochikomu
to feel depressed
忙しい
いそがしい
isogashii
busy
連絡
れんらく
renraku
contact
忘れる
わすれる
wasureru
to forget
在宅勤務
ざいたくきんむ
zaitaku kinmu
working from home
運動不足
うんどうぶそく
undou busoku
lack of exercise
新しい
あたらしい
atarashii
new
環境
かんきょう
kankyou
environment
緊張する
きんちょうする
kinchou suru
to be nervous
Learn More JLPT Grammar with Coto Academy!
Try using 〜がち in your conversation in Japanese as much as you can; this way, you’ll permanently add it to your vocabulary. If you want to practice using this JLPT phrase and many more in real Japanese conversations, nothing beats practicing with a teacher who can offer practical guidance. Sign up with us at Coto Academy.
Coto Academy has been teaching Japanese for over 25 years, with campuses in Shibuya, Yokohama, Iidabashi, Minato, and online. Our courses focus on practical Japanese, so the grammar you learn is designed for real-life use.
We offer part-time, intensive, and fully online lessons to suit your schedule. Start learning Japanese effectively and confidently with Coto Academy today!
Why join Coto Academy?
Over 60+ different Japanese classes over 18 levels
Small classroom of only up to 8 students for personalized support
Professional, native Japanese teachers
Ready to get started? Fill out the form below to contact us!
FAQ:
What does 〜がち mean?
It describes a tendency for something (usually negative) to happen often.
Can 〜がち be used for positive situations?
Generally, ~がち is not used for positive situations; you mostly use it to describe undesirable habits or situations that were prone to happen.
What’s the difference between 〜がち and 〜やすい?
〜がち refers to a negative tendency or state where the phrase 〜やすい is used for describing ease or likelihood, often neutral or even positive.
Can 〜がち be used with adjectives?
〜がち cannot really be used with adjectives. It is mainly used with verbs (plain form) and nouns.
Is 〜がち formal or casual?
It is neutral and appears in both spoken and written Japanese, including news and essays.
Have you heard of the JLPT N3 phrase 〜て仕方がない (~te shikata ga nai)? It a useful phrase for when you want to describe how something was unavoidable or that the speaker couldn’t help but feel a certain emotion. This phrase most closely translates to the following:
“Can’t help but..”
“Extremely”
Make Sure to Watch Coto Academy’s YouTube Video About て仕方がない
Before you continue reading, why not take a moment to watch a quick YouTube lesson with our Japanese teacher, Natsumi-sensei.
て仕方がない (Te Shikata ga Nai) Meaning
て仕方がない (te Sshikata ga nai) is a phrase that expresses an intense emotion or condition that’s natural or beyond the speaker’s control. You can use this phrase to describe strong, uncontrollable feelings or unavoidable states of being.
The phrase is commonly used to say:
I can’t help but..
Extremely..
Very
てしょうがない (te shouga nai) is a phrase that is very similar to て仕方がない, having mostly the same meaning and uses. The biggest difference is that てしょうがない is considered to be more casual, while て仕方がない is seen as more formal.
JLPT N3 て仕方がない (Te Shikata ga Nai) Sentence Structure
て仕方がない (te shikata ga nai) usually is at the end of the sentence or phrase. The expression, 仕方がない (shikata ga nai), follows a verb or adjective in て (te) form.
Type
Structure
Verb (て form)
Verb (て form) + 仕方がない
い-Adjective
い-Adjective + く+ て仕方がない
な-Adjective
な-Adjective + で仕方がない
You can use either positive or negative verbs (in て form) with the phrase て仕方がない (te shikata ga nai).
Form
Plain て form + 仕方がない
Meaning
Positive
食べたくて仕方がない
I couldn’t help but eat
Negative
分からなくて仕方がない
I couldn’t understand at all (it’s frustrating)
JLPT N3 〜て仕方がない (~Te Shikata ga Nai) Examples
Let’s take a look at some example sentences to understand how to use the phrase: て仕方がない.
Example 1: 頭が痛くて仕方がない。 Atama ga itakute shikata ga nai. My head hurts so much I can’t stand it.
Example 2: 試験の結果が心配で仕方がない。 Shiken no kekka ga shinpai de shikata ga nai. I’m extremely worried about the exam results.
Example 3: 彼の態度が失礼で仕方がない。 Kare no taido ga shitsurei de shikata ga nai. His attitude is unbearably rude.
Example 4: その映画が見たくて仕方がない。 Sono eiga ga mitakute shikata ga nai. I really want to see that movie.
Vocabulary List
Check out all the new words in the example sentences above, and try to remember new vocabulary alongside today’s Japanese grammar!
Kanji / Writing
Furigana
Romaji
English
頭
あたま
atama
head
痛い
いたい
itai
painful
試験
しけん
shiken
exam
結果
けっか
kekka
result
心配
しんぱい
shinpai
worry
態度
たいど
taido
attitude
失礼
しつれい
shitsurei
rude
映画
えいが
eiga
movie
見る
みる
miru
to see, watch
Learn More JLPT Grammar with Coto Academy!
Next time you want to express strong feelings you couldn’t help, use today’s phrase て仕方がない! The more you use it, the more it’ll stick and just become a natural way you express yourself. If you want to practice using this JLPT phrase and many more in real Japanese conversations, nothing beats practicing with a teacher who can offer practical guidance. Sign up with us at Coto Academy.
Coto Academy has been teaching Japanese for over 25 years, with campuses in Shibuya, Yokohama, Iidabashi, Minato, and online. Our courses focus on practical Japanese, so the grammar you learn is designed for real-life use.
We offer part-time, intensive, and fully online lessons to suit your schedule. Start learning Japanese effectively and confidently with Coto Academy today!
Why join Coto Academy?
Over 60+ different Japanese classes over 18 levels
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FAQ:
What does 〜て仕方がない mean?
It expresses a strong feeling or condition that can’t be controlled, such as intense emotions, desires, or physical pain.
What is the difference between て仕方ない (te shikata ga nai) and しょうがない (te shou ga nai)?
Both phrases have almost the same meaning: “can’t help but…” However, the difference lies mostly in context, where て仕方がない (te shikata ga nai) is considered more formal, and てしょうがない (te shou ga nai) is considered casual.
Is て仕方がない considered formal or casual?
The phrase is somewhat neutral, so it can be used in both situations, where similar phrases like てしょうがない are a bit more casual. In formal situations, it’s best to use 敬語 (keigo), for example, て仕方がないです (te shikata ga nai desu) or to be even more proper, て仕方がありません (te shikata ga arimasen).
Can you use て仕方がない with deliberate actions?
Generally, you use て仕方がない (te shikata ga nai) to describe uncontrollable feelings rather than deliberate actions.
After mastering hiragana, one of the three Japanese writing systems, the natural next step is to learn katakana, the second Japanese syllabary. Commonly used to write loanwords, katakana represent the same set of sounds as hiragana, but they look completely different.
Katakana characters are typically boxier and more geometric, with sharp corners, in contrast to hiragana’s soft, flowing curves.
Many learners find katakana a bit tricky at first. Some characters look quite similar to each other, and it’s easy to mix them up. But don’t worry! In this guide, we’ll explain what katakana is, when to use it, and provide a free printable katakana chart to help you memorize and practice with ease.
Just started learning Japanese? Explore beginner-friendly courses at Coto Academy, available both online and in person in Tokyo! Contact us today!
What is Katakana?
Katakana, written カタカナ, is one of the three main scripts used in the Japanese writing system, alongside hiragana and kanji. It is a phonetic syllabary, meaning that each character represents a specific sound or syllable, not an idea or meaning like kanji.
Katakana consists of 46 basic characters, such as ka (カ), shi (シ), or to (ト), plus their additional modified forms. Both katakana and hiragana — and the Japanese language as a whole — are built around five core vowels: A, I, U, E, and O.
Beyond the basic characters, there are also modified versions that represent long vowels and double consonants. There are also combination sounds like kya, shu, and cho.
The five vowels in katakana and hiragana look something like below:
Katakana
Romanization
Pronunciation
Example
ア
A
ah
“art”
イ
I
ee
“see”
ウ
U
oo
“food”
エ
E
eh
“met”
オ
O
oh
“go”
This system might feel very different if you’re coming from English, which only has 5 vowel letters, but nearly 20 vowel sounds — plus many diphthongs (blended vowel sounds like in ride or loud).
To get started, download this chart, which includes all the katakana characters (including the variations) you’ll be learning on this page.
If you have access to a printer, printing it out can be helpful, but you can also follow along digitally if you prefer, or save them as a picture so you can review them on your phone!
Like hiragana, basic katakana consists of 46 core characters that represent the fundamental sounds of the Japanese language.
A
I
U
E
O
ア
イ
ウ
エ
オ
K
カ
キ
ク
ケ
コ
S
サ
シ
ス
セ
ソ
T
タ
チ
ツ
テ
ト
N
ナ
ニ
ヌ
ネ
ノ
H
ハ
ヒ
フ
ヘ
ホ
M
マ
ミ
ム
メ
モ
Y
ヤ
ユ
ヨ
R
ラ
リ
ル
レ
ロ
W
ワ
ヲ
N
ン
Handakuten, Dakuten, and Small Kana in Katakana
However, katakana is especially useful for adapting foreign words, and this is where dakuten, handakuten, and small kana combinations come into play. These diacritical marks allow for more flexible pronunciation in both native and borrowed words.
Dakuten (゛) and handakuten (゜) are small marks that change the pronunciation of certain characters:
Dakuten (゛) adds a voiced sound (e.g. k → g, s → z)
Handakuten (゜) adds a “p” sound (used only with ハ-row sounds)
Here’s how they modify the basic katakana characters through dakuten and handakuten:
K to G
S to Z
T to D
H to B
H to P
カ → ガ (ga)
サ → ザ (za)
タ → ダ (da)
ハ → バ (ba)
ハ → パ (pa)
キ → ギ (gi)
シ → ジ (ji)
チ → ヂ (ji)
ヒ → ビ (bi)
ヒ → ピ (pi)
ク → グ (gu)
ス → ズ (zu)
ツ → ヅ (zu)
フ → ブ (bu)
フ → プ (pu)
ケ → ゲ (ge)
セ → ゼ (ze)
テ → デ (de)
ヘ → ベ (be)
ヘ → ペ (pe)
コ → ゴ (go)
ソ → ゾ (zo)
ト → ド (do)
ホ → ボ (bo)
ホ → ポ (po)
Handakuten and Dakuten in Katakana
G
ガ
ギ
グ
ゲ
ゴ
Z
ザ
ジ
ズ
ゼ
ゾ
D
ダ
ヂ
ヅ
デ
ド
B
バ
ビ
ブ
ベ
ボ
P
パ
ピ
プ
ペ
ポ
Combo Sounds
YA
YU
YO
K
キャ
キュ
キョ
S
シャ
シュ
ショ
T
チャ
チュ
チョ
N
ニャ
ニュ
ニョ
H
ヒャ
ヒュ
ヒョ
M
ミャ
ミュ
ミョ
R
リャ
リュ
リョ
G
ギャ
ギュ
ギョ
J
ジャ
ジュ
ジョ
B
ビャ
ビュ
ビョ
P
ピャ
ピュ
ピョ
How to Use the Katakana Chart Effectively
Using our katakana chart effectively involves understanding its purpose, practicing regularly, and applying it in context. Here’s a guide to help you make the most out of your Katakana learning:
1. Familiarize yourself with the chart layout
The Katakana chart is organized by consonant-vowel pairs (e.g., ka, ki, ku, ke, ko).
2. Practice slowly
Start by memorizing the basic 46 characters before moving on to extended sounds (like ガ, ギ, グ).
A tip is to learn katakana one consonant line per day — such as starting with the “K” katakana, and then moving on to the “T.” Breaking the whole chart into smaller study sessions helps with retaining the characters more effectively and avoiding burnout.
3. Practice writing each character
Use the stroke order indicated in the chart to write each character neatly. Writing helps reinforce memory and improves your ability to recognize the characters
We even recommend starting to practice writing words with katakana, so you can start applying the letters to real examples.
While hiragana is mainly used for native Japanese words and grammar, Katakana is primarily used for foreign loanwords, though its usage extends far beyond that. Because katakana looks visually distinct from Hiragana, you can easily tell them apart in text, and this difference serves an important purpose.
Ever heard of onomatopoeia? It’s a word that phonetically imitates or suggests the sound it describes.
Japanese onomatopoeia is a bit unique because it doesn’t just mimic sounds—it’s also used to describe movements, feelings, and states. These words are often written in katakana to express sounds or conditions.
You’ll commonly find onomatopoeia in manga, anime, and advertisements.
In the Japanese language, katakana isn’t just used for foreign words. Katakana can also add emphasis, even if those words are traditionally written in hiragana and kanji.
Because katakana has a visually striking, angular shape, it naturally draws the reader’s attention, similar to how italics or boldface work in English.
In fact, you’ll often see katakana used this way in advertisements and signage to make key words pop.
For example:
カラダにいい！ Karada ni ii Good for your body!
彼はすごくカッコイイ！ Kare wa sugoku カッコイイ! He’s really cool!
5. Scientific and technical terms
Yes, katakana is also used for technical and scientific terms, including the scientific names of plants and animals. This convention helps distinguish the word from ordinary Japanese words.
Common Katakana Writing Mistakes to Avoid
Katakana can be tricky because many characters look or sound alike. Here are a few common mix-ups of similar-looking katakana.
1. シ (shi) vs. ツ (tsu)
シ (shi) has three short strokes pointing downward, while ツ (tsu) has strokes pointing to the right.
2. ソ (so) vs. ン (n)
ソ (so) strokes slant down to the left, ン (n)strokes slant down to the right.
3. ヌ (nu) vs. ネ (ne)
Both have diagonal strokes, but ヌ is distinguished by a small loop or hook at the bottom right, while ネ has a more angular shape with straight lines and no loop.
4. ヲ (wo) vs. ヨ (yo)
ヲ (wo) and ヨ (yo) are often mixed up because they both feature multiple horizontal strokes. However, ヲ includes a curved hook on the left side, giving it a more flowing shape, whereas ヨ consists of three straight, separate horizontal lines stacked vertically — like an inverted E!
Conclusion
There is no single way to learn Japanese, but we hope the katakana chart becomes a powerful tool to aid your study. Remember to use the chart alongside flashcards and exercises!
Ready to Start Your Japanese Learning Journey?
So what’s next? After mastering hiragana and katakana, it’s time to learn basic phrases and sentence formation.
Kickstart your journey with Coto Academy, where fun, conversation-focused classes are designed for beginners. Choose from intensive, part-time, or online Japanese courses tailored to help you reach your goals faster!
Katakana is one of the Japanese syllabaries mainly used for writing foreign loanwords, foreign names, onomatopoeia, scientific terms, and sometimes for emphasis, similar to italics in English.
How many characters are in katakana?
Katakana has 46 basic characters representing distinct syllables, plus a few additional combinations.
What is the difference between katakana and hiragana?
Both represent the same set of sounds but are used differently. Hiragana is mostly used for native Japanese words and grammar particles, while katakana is used for foreign words, names, and emphasis.
Are there any exceptions or irregularities in katakana pronunciation?
Katakana generally follows consistent phonetic rules, but some loanwords may adapt pronunciation to fit Japanese phonology, which can sound slightly different from the original.
The grammar pattern 〜らしい is used to express information that is not directly confirmed by the speaker. In English, it can mean “it seems like,” “apparently,” “I heard that,” or “it looks like.”
To express something you are not completely certain about, or to express something you heard.
To say something is characteristic or typical of someone, something, or a situation
Although 〜らしい may seem simple at first, it actually has a wide range of meanings and is used in different situations. Depending on the context, it can express information you heard from others or a judgment based on evidence or observation. Learn its meaning, sentence structure, and see plenty of examples, each with Japanese text, romaji reading, and English translation!
Make Sure to Watch Coto Academy’s YouTube Video About らしい (Rashii)
Before you continue reading, why not take a moment to watch a quick YouTube lesson with our Japanese teacher, Natsumi-sensei.
らしい (Rashii) Meaning
The phrase rashii just means “seems like,” “I heard,” or “typical of (someone or something).” So, you usually use it to express something with some degree of uncertainty or to express that something is characteristic of someone/something, like saying “…that is so like him/her.”
Often this expression is used for:
I heard that
Apparently
it seems
characteristic of
what you’d expect from …
JLPT N4 らしい (Rashii) Sentence Structure
You usually use らしい (rashii) at the end of a sentence, and you can attach it to verbs, nouns, or adjectives.
Type
Structure
Verb (plain form)
Verb + らしい
い-Adjective
い-Adjective + らしい
な-Adjective
な-Adjective + だ + らしい
Noun
Noun + だ + らしい
To use the negative form of らしい, which means “doesn’t seem like” or “not like (someone/something)”, conjugate to らしくない:
らしい + くない → らしくない
rashi + kunai → rashikunai
Now let’s break down how to use らしい with different verb forms, including present, past, negative, past negative, and volitional.
Form
Plain Form + らしい
Meaning
Present
雨が降るらしい
Seems like it will rain
Past
雨が降ったらしい
It looked like it rained
Negative
雨が降らないらしい
Seems like it won’t rain
Past Negative
雨が降らなかったらしい
Seems like it didn’t rain
Volitional
雨が降ろうらしい
Seems like it should rain
JLPT N4 らしい (Rashii) Examples
Example 1: 明日は雪が降るらしい。 Ashita wa yuki ga fururashii. Apparently, it’s going to snow tomorrow.
Example 2: あの店はもう閉店したらしいよ。 Ano mise wa mou heiten shita rashii yo. I heard that the shop has already closed.
Example 3: 彼女の考え方はとても彼女らしい。 Kanojo no kangaekata wa totemo kanojo rashii. Her way of thinking is very “like her.”
Example 4: 今日は春らしい天気だね。 Kyou wa haru rashii tenki da ne. The weather feels very spring-like today.
Vocabulary List
Check out all the new words in the example sentences above, and try to remember new vocabulary alongside today’s Japanese grammar!
Kanji / Writing
Furigana
Romaji
English
明日
あした
ashita
tomorrow
雪
ゆき
yuki
snow
降る
ふる
furu
to fall (rain/snow)
店
みせ
mise
shop, store
閉店する
へいてんする
heiten suru
to close a shop
今日
きょう
kyou
today
春
はる
haru
spring
天気
てんき
tenki
weather
考え方
かんがえかた
kangaekata
way of thinking
本当に
ほんとうに
hontou ni
really; truly
彼女
かのじょ
kanojo
she; girlfriend
Learn More JLPT Grammar with Coto Academy!
Try using らしい (Rashii) in different sentences to really understand how to use it and ingrain it into your Japanese arsenal! If you want more practice using this phrase and many others in real Japanese conversations with a teacher who can offer practical guidance, sign up with us at Coto Academy.
Coto Academy has been teaching Japanese for over 25 years, with campuses in Shibuya, Yokohama, Iidabashi, Minato, and online. Our courses focus on practical Japanese, so the grammar you learn is designed for real-life use.
We offer part-time, intensive, and fully online lessons to suit your schedule. Start learning Japanese effectively and confidently with Coto Academy today!
Why join Coto Academy?
Over 60+ different Japanese classes over 18 levels
Small classroom of only up to 8 students for personalized support
Professional, native Japanese teachers
Ready to get started? Fill out the form below to contact us!
FAQ:
What does 〜らしい mean?
〜らしい has two main meanings:
1. hearsay or reported information: something you heard but did not confirm yourself (i.e., “seems like”, or “apparently”)
2. Typical/characteristic of: something that feels very “like” a person or season (i.e, “~like,” “typical of”)
How is 〜らしい (~rashii) different from 〜そうだ (~souda)?
〜らしい mainly refers to information you heard or something that feels characteristic. While 〜そうだ expresses a direct visual impression or formal hearsay.
Can 〜らしい be used in the first person?
You generally don’t use 〜らしい to report your own feelings. For example, saying something like 私は悲しいらしい (watashi wa kanashii rashii) would be unnatural. It would be like saying, “I seem sad” in English, which also doesn’t make much sense.
Is らしい formal or casual?
It is neutral and commonly used in both spoken and written Japanese, including news, blogs, and everyday conversation.
The JLPT N3 grammar もし〜たなら (moshi ~ tanara) is a useful phrase for expressing conditional statements. Its meaning is close to “if” or “in the case of,” the phrase is often used for the following situations:
Expressing hypothetical or unreal situations
Expressing a conditional situation (i.e., if A, then B)
Continue reading to learn its meaning, structure, and example sentences, each with Japanese, romaji, and English translation!
Make Sure to Watch Coto Academy’s YouTube Video About もし〜たなら
Before you continue reading, why not take a moment to watch a quick YouTube lesson with our Japanese teacher, Natsumi-sensei.
もし〜たなら Meaning
もし〜たなら (Moshi~tanara) most closely translates to “if” or “in the case of” in English. This phrase expresses hypothetical conditions that are useful for discussing imaginary scenarios, possibilities, or even suggestions.
The phrase is often used for:
Possible future situations
Hypothetical or imagined scenarios
Advice, suggestions, or possible consequences
JLPT N3 もし〜たなら (Moshi ~Tanara) Sentence Structure
You often start a sentence with もし + verb た (past tense) + なら to form a conditional, followed by a hypothetical statement. The phrase uses a verb in the past tense; thus, you’re expressing a condition stating that if something had already happened, then B would happen or be true.
Type
Structure
Verb (plain form)
もし + Verb (past tense) + た(な)ら
Note you don’t always need to use もし (moshi), but it helps to emphasize that the statement is a hypothetical and, in fact, not a reality (yet).
Now, let’s break down how to use もし〜たなら with positive and negative verb forms.
Form
Plain Form + もし〜たなら
Meaning
Positive
もし食べたなら
If I had eaten
Negative
もし食べなかったなら
If I had not eaten
Whether the statement is past or present depends on the statement following もし〜たなら. For example:
For past tense: もし勉強したなら、試験を合格したよ。 Moshi benkyou shita nara, shiken o goukaku shitayo. If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.
For present/future tense: もし勉強したなら、試験を撮るよ。 Moshi benkyou shita nara, shiken wo toru yo. If I had studied, I would have taken the exam.
In both cases, the もし勉強したなら is demonstrating a past regret of not studying, while the following phrase offers a hypothetical either in the past or in an imaginary future where you did study.
JLPT N3 もし〜たなら (Moshi ~Tanara) Examples
Now, let’s take a look at a few example sentences to really understand how this phrase can work in actual Japanese conversation.
Example 1 もし時間があったなら、一緒に行きたかった。 Moshi jikan ga attanara, issho ni ikitakatta. If I had time, I would have wanted to go together.
Example 2 もし日本に行ったなら、京都に行ってみてください。 Moshi nihon ni ittanara, kyouto ni itte mite kudasai. If you go to Japan, please try visiting Kyoto.
Example 3 もし分からなかったなら、先生に聞いてください。 Moshi wakaranakatta nara, sensei ni kiite kudasai. If you don’t understand, please ask the teacher.
Example 4 もし彼が来なかったなら、会議は中止です。 Moshi kare ga konakatta nara, kaigi wa chuushi desu. If he doesn’t come, the meeting will be canceled.
Vocabulary List
Check out all the new words in the example sentences above, and try to remember new vocabulary alongside today’s Japanese grammar!
Kanji / Writing
Furigana
Romaji
English
もし
もし
moshi
if; in case
時間
じかん
jikan
time
一緒に
いっしょに
issho ni
together
行く
いく
iku
to go
日本
にほん
Nihon
Japan
京都
きょうと
Kyouto
Kyoto
行ってみる
いってみる
itte miru
to try going
分かる
わかる
wakaru
to understand
先生
せんせい
sensei
teacher
聞く
きく
kiku
to ask; to listen
彼
かれ
kare
he
会議
かいぎ
kaigi
meeting
中止
ちゅうし
chuushi
cancellation
Learn More JLPT Grammar with Coto Academy!
Try using もし〜なら to discuss hypothetical situations in Japanese. This expression is very useful for everyday Japanese conversation! So, try using and ingraining this phrase in your memory to expand your Japanese and prepare for the JLPT. But nothing beats real, practical conversation practice with the guidance of a Japanese teacher, so why not sign up with us at Coto Academy?
For more than 25 years, Coto Academy has been helping students master Japanese so that they can actually use it. With schools in Shibuya, Yokohama, Iidabashi, Minato, and online, we make learning accessible wherever you are.
Whether you prefer part-time, intensive, or online lessons, we have a course that fits your schedule. Take the first step toward confident Japanese with Coto Academy.
Why join Coto Academy?
Over 60+ different Japanese classes for over 18 levels
Small classroom of only up to 8 students for personalized support
Professional, native Japanese teachers
Ready to get started? Fill out the form below to contact us!
FAQ:
What does もし〜たなら mean?
It means “if (something happens/happened), then …” and is used to talk about hypothetical situations or conditions.
Can もし〜たなら be used for commands or requests?
Yes, the phrase is commonly used this way. For example, もし困ったなら、連絡してください (moshi komattanara, renraku shite kudasai), or “if you’re in trouble, please contact me”.
Can もし〜たなら be used for the past?
Yes, whether the statement is past or present, depends on the statement following もし〜たなら (moshi ~tanara). For example: もしもっと勉強したなら、合格できた (moshi motto benkyou shitanara, goukaku dekita), or “if I had studied more, I could have passed.”
What is the difference between 〜たら and 〜たなら?
〜たら expresses a more neutral conditional, while 〜たなら is slightly more deliberate or reflective, often used when giving advice or imagining a scenario
The JLPT N3 Grammar, に決まっている (ni kimatte iru), is a versatile phrase you can use to express that you are certain about something or that something is bound to be or happen. It is similar to the English expressions: surely, certainly, it must be, or bound to. It is often used to:
Express something you believe is true
Express how something is bound to be or happen
Learn its meaning, sentence structure, and see plenty of examples, each with Japanese text, romaji reading, and English translation!
Make Sure to Watch Coto Academy’s YouTube Video About に決まっている
Before you continue reading, why not take a moment to watch a quick YouTube lesson with our Japanese teacher, Iwasaki-sensei?
〜に決まっている (~ni Kimatte Iru) Meaning
The structure of the phrase comes from the ている (te iru) form of 決まる (kimaru), which means to decide. So, the whole expression with the particle, に (ni) + 決まっている could translate literally to “decisively” or “to be decided.” Thus, this phrase is used to express strong conviction or certainty about something.
You usually use 〜に決まっている at the end of a sentence. You can attach it to verbs, nouns, or adjectives to express certainty of something, like saying “it’s definitely” or “it must be”.
Type
Structure
Verb (plain form)
Verb + 決まっている
い-Adjective
い-Adjective + 決まっている
な-Adjective
な-Adjective + 決まっている
Noun
Noun + 決まっている
This section will break down how to use 〜に決まっている with different verb forms, including present, past, negative, past negative, and volitional.
Form
Plain Form + に決まっている
Meaning
Present
勝つに決まっている
I will definitely win
Past
勝ったに決まっている
I definitely won
Negative
勝たないに決まっている
I defitnitely won’t win
Past Negative
勝たなかったに決まっている
I definitely did not win
Volitional
勝とうに決まっている
I definitely should win
JLPT N3 〜に決まっている (~Ni Kimatte Iru) Examples
Let us take a look at a few example sentences.
Example 1: あんなに練習しているんだから、試合に勝つに決まっている。 Anna ni renshuu shite irunda kara, shiai ni katsu ni kimatte iru. He’s practiced that much, so he’s definitely going to win the match.
Example 2: こんなに安いなんて、何か問題があるに決まっている。 Konna ni yasui nante, nanika mondai ga aru ni kimatte iru. If it’s this cheap, there must be some kind of problem.
Example 3: 彼は嘘をついているに決まっている。 Kare wa uso wo tsuite iru ni kimatte iru. He’s definitely lying.
Example 4: そんな話、冗談に決まっているよ。 Sonna hanashi, joudan ni kimatte iru yo. That kind of story is obviously a joke.
Vocabulary List
Check out all the new words in the example sentences above, and try to remember new vocabulary alongside today’s Japanese grammar!
Kanji/Writing
Furigana
Romaji
English
結果
けっか
kekka
result, outcome
がっかりする
がっかりする
gakkari suru
to be disappointed
言い方
いいかた
iikata
way of speaking, wording
怒る
おこる
okoru
to get angry
徹夜する
てつやする
tetsuya suru
to stay up all night
明日
あした
ashita
tomorrow
眠い
ねむい
nemui
sleepy
映画
えいが
eiga
movie
見る
みる
miru
to see, to watch
泣く
なく
naku
to cry
Learn More JLPT Grammar with Coto Academy!
Try using 〜に決まっている in several different sentences to really lock the phrase into memory and understand how to use it! If you want to practice using this JLPT phrase and many more in real Japanese conversations with a teacher who can offer practical guidance, sign up with us at Coto Academy.
Coto Academy has been teaching Japanese for over 25 years, with campuses in Shibuya, Yokohama, Iidabashi, Minato, and online. Our courses focus on practical Japanese, so the grammar you learn is designed for real-life use.
We offer part-time, intensive, and fully online lessons to suit your schedule. Start learning Japanese effectively and confidently with Coto Academy today!
Why join Coto Academy?
Over 60+ different Japanese classes over 18 levels
Small classroom of only up to 8 students for personalized support
Professional, native Japanese teachers
Ready to get started? Fill out the form below to contact us!
FAQ:
What does 〜に決まっている mean?
〜に決まっている is used to express strong certainty or conviction. It means “it’s definitely …” or “there’s no doubt that …”. The speaker feels very confident about the outcome, often based on common sense or experience.
Can 〜に決まっている be used in the first person?
Yes. In first-person contexts, it often expresses an obvious emotional reaction or consequence.
Example:
こんな結果じゃ、がっかりするに決まっている。
Is 〜に決まっている formal?
No. It is mainly used in casual conversation and can sound assertive or emotional, so it’s best avoided in formal writing or business settings.
What is the difference between 〜に決まっている and 〜はずだ?
〜に決まっている is used for expressing strong, emotional, subjective certainty, while 〜はずだ is generally used for logical expectations based on evidence.
Planning to study for the JLPT? Short for the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, JLPT is the most recognized Japanese language certification used by employers, universities, and immigration authorities to assess non-native speakers’ Japanese proficiency.
People say that passing the JLPT opens many doors, like landing a job in Japan and even help with your visa application for permanent residence. But with so much at stake, the JLPT can also be one of the most stressful tests to take. How long should you study? Can you even take the test where you live? In this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about the JLPT, from registration to preparation strategies and resources, so you can walk into the exam room ready to pass!
What is the JLPT?
The Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) is a standardized exam administered by the Japan Educational Exchanges and Services (JEES) and the Japanese Ministry of Education. It evaluates and certifies the Japanese language skills of non-native speakers across five levels, from N5 (beginner) to N1 (advanced).
The JLPT was first introduced in 1984 in response to the growing demand for a reliable Japanese language certification. In its first year, only 7,000 people took the test. By 2024, around 1.72 million people took the test worldwide!
The exam has evolved significantly over time. Back then, it was a requirement for international students applying to Japanese universities. While the EJU (Examination for Japanese University Admission for International Students) has largely taken its place in academia, the JLPT remains a trusted credential for employers.
Originally held only once a year with just four levels, it now takes place twice a year (in July and December) in many countries, except in 2020, when it was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Today, all JLPT levels use multiple-choice questions and use machines to score the test to maintain fairness.
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There are five JLPT levels, each designed to measure different stages of Japanese language proficiency.
The beginner levels, N5 and N4, focus on building a solid foundation in basic Japanese. N3 serves as a bridge between beginner and advanced skills, demonstrating the ability to handle everyday conversations comfortably. N2 is business-level Japanese and is the minimum requirement for many companies hiring foreign workers. Finally, N1 represents full fluency of the language.
Here’s an overview of how many kanji and vocabulary words you’ll need to know for each JLPT level:
JLPT Level
Approximate Kanji to Know
Approximate Vocabulary to Know
N5
100
800
N4
300
1,500
N3
650
3,750
N2
1,000
6,000
N1
2,000+
10,000+
Below is a detailed explanation of each level to help you decide which JLPT exam best suits your current skills and goals:
1. JLPT N5
The JLPT N5 is the most basic level, designed to test fundamental Japanese language skills. It is roughly equivalent to A1 on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). This level evaluates your ability to understand and use simple phrases and everyday expressions written in hiragana, katakana, and basic kanji.
At this point, you can prove that you can greet people, but you can’t express your opinion yet.
While N5 alone may not open many job opportunities, it serves as a valuable goal for beginners!
The JLPT N4 shows that you can handle basic Japanese used in daily life, including reading simple passages and understanding common conversations. It corresponds approximately to A2-B1 on the CEFR.
Passing the JLPT N4 is usually manageable for those who have already cleared N5. However, N4 requires knowing about 200 additional kanji and roughly 700 more vocabulary words compared to the N5 level.
Make sure to watch our YouTube video, where Nami-sensei teaches you how to use one of JLPT N3 grammar, dake (だけ)!
3. JLPT N3
JLPT N3 is the intermediate level of the Japanese Language Proficiency Test, sitting right between the beginner (5 or N4) and advanced (N2 and N1) tiers. It’s designed to test your ability to understand everyday Japanese used in a range of familiar situations.
At this level, you’re expected to have a solid grasp of grammar, a growing vocabulary, and the ability to read slightly more complex texts.
For many learners, N3 is an achievable milestone. It shows that you can handle daily conversations, understand basic news headlines, and navigate typical communication in a Japanese environment without much difficulty.
Professionally, JLPT N3 is often the minimum requirement for part-time jobs in Japan and may also be accepted for technical roles in global companies where some Japanese ability is helpful but not strictly essential, such as in IT or engineering teams.
The JLPT N2 demonstrates advanced intermediate proficiency. At this level, you are expected to understand Japanese used in a wide variety of contexts, such as newspapers, TV shows, lectures, and business conversations.
N2 is often regarded as the benchmark for business-level Japanese. Although N2 is the threshold for fluency, more companies are relaxing their standards for Japanese fluency to the N3 level.
The JLPT N1 is the highest and most challenging level, indicating near-native fluency. It covers about 2,000 kanji and 10,000 vocabulary words. N1 tests your ability to comprehend complex texts such as academic articles, editorials, and detailed reports, as well as to follow nuanced conversations on specialized topics.
Although N1 is the highest JLPT level, learners can further challenge themselves by taking the Business Japanese Proficiency Test (BJT). Unlike the JLPT, which focuses on general language proficiency, the BJT is designed to objectively measure practical communication skills in a Japanese business environment.
The JLPT measures your language skills across four main areas: vocabulary, grammar, reading, and listening. Each section has a time limit, and the structure varies slightly depending on the test level.
For JLPT N5 to N3, the exam is split into three sections:
Vocabulary
Grammar and Reading
Listening
For JLPT N2 and N1, vocabulary, grammar, and reading are part of the same section, making time management even more crucial.
Test duration by level
Level
Test Sections
Time Allotment
Total Duration
N1
Vocabulary, Grammar and Reading
110 minutes
165 min
Listening
55 minutes
N2
Vocabulary, Grammar and Reading
105 min
155 min
Listening
50 minutes
N3
Vocabulary
30 min
140 min
Grammar + Reading
70 min
Listening
40 min
N4
Vocabulary
25 minutes
115 minutes
Grammar + Reading
55 minutes
Listening
35 minutes
N5
Vocabulary
20 minutes
90 minutes
Grammar + Reading
40 minutes
Listening
30 minutes
JLPT section breakdown
1. Vocabulary (語彙)
This section tests your knowledge of Japanese words and kanji readings. You’ll need to recognize vocabulary in different formats, such as:
Kanji reading: Select the correct reading of the underlined kanji.
Orthography: Choose the correct kanji for a word written in hiragana.
Word formation: Complete compound words or expressions.
Paraphrasing: Pick a synonym or phrase with a similar meaning.
Usage and expressions: Choose the sentence where a word is used correctly or complete the missing parts.
2. Grammar (文法)
Though the dedicated grammar test section in JLPT is short, remember that the level-appropriate grammar is also a part of other sections like reading and vocabulary. You may encounter:
Grammar fill-in-the-blank: Choose the appropriate grammar form or phrases.
Sentence order: Rearrange jumbled parts into a grammatically correct sentence.
Phrase completion: Select the best phrase to complete a sentence naturally.
3. Reading (読解)
The reading section is the most difficult for many. You’ll read various texts and answer questions about them. The complexity increases at higher levels. Reading tasks may include:
Passage comprehension: Understand short to long texts.
Information retrieval: Extract key details from ads, notices, or schedules.
Integrated comprehension: Compare two passages (only in N2 and N1).
Thematic comprehension: Grasp the main idea of long-form texts (N2 and N1).
4. Listening (聴解)
The listening section of the JLPT tests how well you can understand spoken Japanese in real-life situations. You’ll hear short conversations, announcements, or monologues, and answer questions based on what you heard. Importantly, you only hear the audio once, and the questions appear after the audio, so active listening and memory are key.
Appropriate Response: Choose the best reply to a short conversation or question.
Task Comprehension: Understand what action is required based on instructions or requests.
Key Point Comprehension: Identify the main idea or important details of the dialogue.
Verbal Expressions: Interpret specific phrases or expressions in context.
Integrated Comprehension: (N2/N1 only) Follow longer conversations and compare opinions or viewpoints.
Passing score for JLPT
To pass the JLPT (Japanese-Language Proficiency Test), you must pass both the overall score requirement and the minimum sectional score.
1. Overall score requirement
Each JLPT level has a different total score and passing threshold:
JLPT Level
Total Score
Passing Score
N1
180
100
N2
180
90
N3
180
95
N4
180
90
N5
180
80
2. Minimum sectional score
Similarly, the minimum required scores for each section of the JLPT vary by level. Note that for JLPT N4 and N5, vocabulary, grammar, and reading are combined into a single section!
JLPT Level
Vocabulary and Grammar
Reading
Listening
Total score
Passing score
Total score
Passing score
Total score
Passing score
N1
19
60
19
60
19
60
N2
19
60
19
60
19
60
N3
19
60
19
60
19
60
JLPT Level
Vocabulary, Grammar and Reading
Listening
Total score
Passing score
Total score
Passing score
N4
120
38
19
60
N5
120
38
19
60
This means even if your total score meets the passing requirement, you won’t pass the test unless you also reach the minimum score in each individual section.
For instance, in N2, you must score at least 19 points in both the combined Language Knowledge (Vocabulary/Grammar) & Reading section, and in the Listening section. You can’t rely on one strong area to make up for a weak one!
When and where can you take the JLPT?
Wondering if you can take the JLPT in your home country? The Japanese-Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) is held twice a year, typically on the first Sunday of July and December, both in Japan and at select overseas locations.
However, some countries only offer the JLPT once a year, either in July or December, so it’s important to check your local schedule.
As of 2024, the JLPT is conducted in over 96 countries and regions. That means if you live in or near a major city, there’s a good chance a test center is available nearby. You can check the official JLPT site for the list of overseas test sites.
How many hours does it take to study for JLPT?
The number of study hours needed to pass the JLPT can vary widely depending on the learner. If you’re living in Japan or regularly exposed to Japanese, especially kanji, you may progress more quickly.
Learners with a background in Chinese or other kanji-based languages also tend to pick things up faster due to their familiarity with the writing system.
Exam level
Hours needed to study
With kanji knowledge
Without kanji knowledge
N5
350 hours
400 – 500 hours
N4
550 hours
800 – 1,000 hours
N3
900 hours
1325 hours
N2
1500 hours
2200 hours
N1
2150 hours
3900 – 4500 hours
Take a look at the table below for a rough estimate of how many hours you might need to spend studying for each JLPT level!
JLPT Level
Estimated Study Duration (1–2 hours/day)
N5
4 to 6 months
N4
7 to 9 months
N3
10 to 12 months
N2
14 to 18 months
N1
20 to 24+ months
If you study for 1–2 hours a day, you can expect to reach JLPT N5 or N4 in about 6 to 9 months. Advancing to N2 or N1, however, might take 2 to 3 years of consistent effort. Keep in mind that even some long-time learners haven’t reached N1!
The best way to prepare for the JLPT combines multiple strategies: taking mock exams, joining a prep course, using varied study materials, immersing yourself in Japanese media, and, most importantly, being consistent.
Everyone learns differently, so there’s no single approach that works for everyone. The key is to find a routine that fits your goals and stick to it. Here are some tips:
1. Set up a study schedule
If you’re serious about passing the JLPT, especially with a high score, you need a realistic and consistent study plan. Design a daily or weekly schedule that includes time for vocabulary, grammar, reading, and listening.
For example:
Learn 10–20 new vocabulary words and kanji each day.
Dedicate one day a week to reading practice or mock test review.
Review previous content regularly to reinforce memory.
You never want to cram your JLPT exam preparation, especially for higher levels.
2. Take mock exams
Practice exams help you get familiar with the JLPT format and time constraints. Simulating real test conditions helps reduce anxiety and improves time management. It also reveals your weak points so you can focus your efforts more efficiently.
Pro tip: For N2 and N1, where reading, vocabulary, and grammar are combined into one long section, poor time management can cost you the entire reading section. Practice under timed conditions to develop your pacing.
3. Join a JLPT prep course
While it’s entirely possible to prepare for the JLPT on your own, many learners find that structured guidance and support make a huge difference.
Joining a course like the JLPT prep course at Coto Academy gives you access to expert teachers, well-organized lessons, and high-quality study materials. Plus, there will be classmates who share your goal, creating a motivating and encouraging environment.
Coto Academy’s JLPT courses cover everything you need to succeed, from essential grammar and vocabulary to kanji and exam strategies. Whether you prefer a focused three-month intensive program or a year-round course, we offer options for all JLPT levels!
3. Gather study materials
To effectively prepare for the JLPT, it’s essential to use a mix of study tools. Combining different resources helps reinforce your skills in kanji, vocabulary, grammar, reading, and listening, and keeps your study sessions more engaging.
Textbooks: JLPT-specific textbooks like the Shin Kanzen Master or TRY! series are great for targeted practice in grammar, vocabulary, and reading. We’ve curated a list of the best JLPT textbooks to help you choose the right one.
Online Resources & Apps: Make use of websites, mobile apps, and online platforms designed for JLPT learners. Need recommendations? Check out our blog on the best Japanese learning apps.
Flashcards: Flashcards are great for memorizing vocabulary and kanji. Tools like Anki, which use spaced repetition, can make your study more efficient. We’ve also created a guide to help you get started with Anki and listed our favorite Japanese decks.
4. Read newspapers and watch the news
This is especially helpful for JLPT N2 and N1 learners, where the reading section becomes more advanced. Anime can help you learn Japanese, but it might not be able to prepare you for JLPT N1.
Instead, you can switch to content that uses more formal and natural Japanese, like:
Japanese news (NHK, ANN on YouTube)
Newspapers and articles
TV shows that require concentration
Keep a dictionary handy and look up unfamiliar words as you read or listen. The more you expose yourself to real-world Japanese, the more comfortable you’ll become with kanji, grammar patterns, and idiomatic expressions.
Best JLPT textbooks
There are many great textbooks you can buy to prepare for the JLPT, ranging from those that cover a lot of test elements to specialized ones that cover only vocabulary.
Some of our top recommendations include:
1. Genki
Best for: Beginners (N5 – N4)
If you’re enrolled in a Japanese language class, chances are you’ll be using either Genki or Minna no Nihongo. Both offer a solid foundation in grammar, vocabulary, and kanji through clear explanations.
While it doesn’t specifically target JLPT N5 or N4, its content closely aligns with what you’ll need to pass those levels.
2. Minna no Nihongo
Best for: Beginners (N5 – N4)
Another go-to for beginners, Minna no Nihongo is used by a lot of language schools in Japan. It’s more grammar-focused than Genki and written mostly in Japanese, which really helps with immersion.
It does come with a translation and grammar guide in your language, so you won’t get lost.
3. Try! Japanese Language Proficiency Test
Best for: All levels
The Try! series is a favorite among JLPT test-takers because it’s made specifically for each JLPT level. It walks you through grammar with clear explanations, real-life example sentences, and practice questions that feel just like the actual test.
What’s great is how it breaks things down into three simple steps: first, you see how grammar is used in real conversations, then you get to practice the basics, and finally, you apply what you’ve learned through listening and reading exercises. Each book also comes with an audio CD and a separate answer booklet!
4. Shin Kanzen Master
Best for: Intermediate to advanced (N3 – N1)
The Shin Kanzen Master series is one of the most thorough JLPT prep resources out there for serious learners aiming for a high score on N2 or N1.
Each book focuses on a specific section of the test: grammar, vocabulary, reading, or listening, and goes into impressive detail. The vocabulary book, for example, is split into two parts: the first helps you learn words based on themes and everyday situations, while the second breaks them down by part of speech and usage.
There’s also a mock test section so you can get a feel for the real exam.
5. Tango Vocabulary Series
Best for: Vocabulary practice for all levels
This compact, almost pocket-sized vocabulary book comes with a red plastic sheet that lets you hide the Japanese vocabulary for self-review.
Each book is tailored to a specific JLPT level and organizes vocabulary by theme, like hobbies, family, and adverbs. It’s especially great for building a daily study habit and perfect for learners who want quick, portable practice sessions on the go.
6. Nihongo So Matome
Best for: N3–N1 prep with lighter content
This series is designed to be completed in a short time (around 6 weeks per book). It’s great for learners who prefer visual aids and concise explanations. It’s not as in-depth as Shin Kanzen Master, but it’s great for reinforcing key concepts efficiently.
Of course, there are other great textbooks! We’ve made a full coverage of the best JLPT textbooks you can get based on each level:
If you’re planning to take the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT), it’s important to know when and how to register. The registration period opens a few months before the exam date, but the exact timing depends on where you plan to take the test.
In Japan:
For the July exam, registration usually opens around mid-March.
For the December exam, registration starts around mid-August.
Outside Japan:
For the July exam, registration is typically open from March to April.
For the December exam, registration usually runs from August to September.
Since these dates can vary by location, the best way to stay updated is visiting the official JLPT website.
How to register for the JLPT:
Create a MyJLPT account: This online account is your portal to managing your test registration and viewing your results later on.
Complete the online application: Fill out your personal details, choose your test level, and select your test location.
Make your payment: Test fees are generally around 5,500 yen but can vary by country and test center. Your registration isn’t complete until payment is confirmed.
Test seats can fill up fast, especially in popular locations. Make sure to register as soon as the application window opens to secure your spot.
Your JLPT results will be available online approximately two months after your test date. You can check them by logging into your MyJLPT account, where you’ll get instant access to your scores.
For those residing in Japan, the official physical certificate will be mailed to your registered address on a scheduled date. Once you receive it, you can also request an official transcript, which can be sent out right away.
If you need your results urgently, you may apply for express delivery of your transcript.
Want a detailed, step-by-step breakdown? Check out our full blog post on how to view your JLPT results!
We already have a dedicated blog post with practical tips for test day (check it out!), but here are some essential reminders to keep in mind before and during the exam:
1. Bring an analog watch
Sometimes the wall clock is behind you or in a hard-to-see spot. Having your own watch helps you manage time without looking suspicious. Just make sure it’s not a smartwatch, as those are strictly prohibited.
2. Pack extra supplies
Bring multiple sharpened pencils and an extra eraser — better safe than sorry! You don’t want to be stuck with a broken pencil halfway through a timed section.
3. Answer every question
There’s no penalty for wrong answers, so make sure you fill in something for every question, especially if time is running out. Guessing is better than leaving anything blank — you’ve got nothing to lose!
4. Arrive early
It might sound obvious, but make sure to get to the test center at least 30–45 minutes before the exam starts. This buffer time allows you to check in, find your seat, and mentally prepare without feeling rushed. It’s also a great time to visit the restroom — while there are breaks between test sections, you can expect long lines, so going beforehand can save you unnecessary stress.
Plan to take the JLPT? Join a JLPT prep Course at Coto Academy!
Preparing for the JLPT on your own can be challenging. With Coto Academy’s online and in-person JLPT prep courses, you’ll do more than just pass — you’ll unlock your full potential, reach your target score, and go beyond.
Our expert instructors guide you through all test sections, with classes available in Tokyo and online. You can choose between a 3-month intensive course or take more structured, year-round lessons. Ready to get started? Contact us today for a Japanese-level assessment and a free consultation to find the perfect course for you!
Don’t believe us? See our past JLPT success rate story. Love our content and want more free resources on JLPT grammar and vocabulary? Don’t forget to subscribe to our YouTube channel, where we share new learning materials every week.
What is the JLPT?
The Japanese-Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) is a standardized exam that measures and certifies your Japanese language ability. It has five levels: N5 (beginner) to N1 (advanced).
When is the JLPT held?
The JLPT is offered twice a year, typically in July and December. In some countries, it may only be available once a year, so check the official JLPT website or your local test center.
Where can I take the JLPT?
The JLPT is administered in over 90 countries and regions worldwide. Most major cities have test centers. You can find the full list of test locations on the official JLPT website.
How much does the JLPT cost?
The test fee is generally around 5,500 yen (approximately $50 USD), but fees may vary depending on the country or test site.
What is the passing score for the JLPT?
Passing requires meeting both the overall score and minimum sectional score requirements. Each level has different passing criteria, but generally, you need around 60% overall and a minimum score in each section.
Can I take the JLPT multiple times?
Yes, you can take the JLPT as many times as you want. Many learners retake the exam to improve their scores or advance to higher levels.
Can I pass JLPT N5 in 3 months?
If you study intensively and daily, you might be able to pass JLPT N5 within 3 – 6 months.
